II 


- 


-, 


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HISTORY  OF  THE 
RHODE  ISLAND 
NORMAL  SCHOOL 


-, 


AUTHOR  AND  EDITOR 

ahomaa  W.  Virhurll 
Commissioner  of  Public  Schools 

RHODE   ISLAND 

1869-1875 


1852-1865***  1871-1911 


<SJht«  look  la  Writtrn 
FOR   TOILING  EDUCATORS 


ItH 

JOY  IN  SERVICE 


CHARACTER  AND  ACHIEVEMENT 


Ita  Uraaon 


262650 


PREFACE 


Several  months  ago,  I  was  invited  to  assist  in  the  chapel 
exercises  at  the  Rhode  Island  Normal  School.  At  the  close 
of  the  brief  service,  I  was  asked  by  Principal  Alger  to  speak 
a  word  as  to  the  early  days  of  the  present  school,  to  which  I 
gladly  responded  in  words  of  congratulation  and  of  historic 
reminiscence. 

Principal  Alger  then  invited  me  to  visit  the  session  of  the 
Senior  class  and  I  was  introduced  by  him  as  a  former 
Commissioner  of  Public  Schools.  Singularly,  the  class  was 
studying  the  story  of  the  State  Normal  School  and  I  "Was 
urged  to  occupy  the  period  of  recitation  by  a  review  of  the 
school  history.  This  I  did  to  the  apparent  gratification  of 
the  principal  and  the  class,  all  of  whom  stated  that  they  found 
it  difficult  to  discover  the  facts  of  the  founding.  I  endeav- 
ored to  make  very  clear  to  the  class,  the  reasons  for  the 
failure  of  the  first  school,  and  the  conditions  in  educational 
affairs  in  Rhode  Island  in  the  interim,  between  the  first  and 
second  schools.  The  suggestion  was  then  made  that  I  ought 
to  write  a  history  of  the  Normal  School,  inasmuch  as  I  was 
the  only  survivor  of  the  active  educational  workers  of  that 
period,  and  the  only  one  intimately  acquainted  with  all  the 
details  of  its  founding.  I  made  a  half  promise  that,  some  day, 
I  would. 


6  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

The  occasion  of  the  Fortieth  Anniversary  wakened  the 
sleeping  memories  of  the  birth  of  the  school,  and  the  presence 
of  Principal  Greenough,  his  assistants  and  a  large  body  of  the 
early  graduates  made  the  days  of  the  struggle  and  triumph 
so  near  and  vivid  that  a  voice  seemed  to  say  "Write,"  and  I 
have  written  with  the  same  heart  service  that  I  gave  to  the 
upbuilding  of  a  great  institution,  in  a  former  day,  of  small 
beginnings,  but  of  large  Hope. 

I  have  made  the  personal  pronoun  occupy  as  modest  a 
position  as  possible. 


THOMAS  W.  BICKNELL. 


Providence,  R.  I., 
Nov.  i,  1911. 


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CHAPTER  I. 

The  First  Normal  School  in  the 
United  States. 


Birth  of  the  Normal  Idea  in  the  United  States. 

The  first  suggestion  by  an  American  educator,  so  far  as  I 
can  learn,  as  to  the  need  of  trained  teachers  was  made  in  the 
Massachusetts  Magazine,  June,  1789,  in  an  article  written 
probably  by  Elisha  Ticknor.* 

This  article  recognized  the  importance  of  preparing  "young 
gentlemen  for  college  and  school  keeping,"  that  they  may  be 
able  to  teach  the  branches  they  propose  to  teach  "with  ease 
and  propriety." 

In  1816,  Professor  Denison  Olmstead  of  Yale  College  de- 
livered an  oration  on  "The  State  of  Education  in  Connecticut,'' 
in  which  he  outlined  a  plan  of  "A  Seminary  for  School- 
masters," supported  by  the  State.  "The  pupils  were  to  study 
what  they  were  to  teach,  partly  for  acquiring  a  more  perfect 
knowledge  of  these  subjects  and  partly  for  learning  from  the 
methods  adopted  by  the  principal,  the  best  methods  of  teach- 
ing." 

In  1823,  Professor  James  L.  Kingsley  of  Yale  College  wrote 
an  article  on  "The  Common  Schools  of  Connecticut,"  in  which 
he  urged  that  "a  superior  school  be  maintained  in  each  county 


*  Rise  and  Growth  of  the  Normal  School  Idea,  Bureau  of  Educa- 
tion, Washington,  Circular  No.  8,  1891. 


8  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

of  the  State,  where  all  of  those  who  aspire  to  teach  in  the  com- 
mon schools  may  be  themselves  thoroughly  instructed/'* 

The  same  year,  Professor  William  Russell,  of  Connecticut, 
published  a  pamphlet  on  the  importance  of  a  seminary  for 
teachers,  in  which  he  indorsed  Professor  Kingsley's  plan  and 
said,  "no  individual  should  be  accepted  as  an  instructor  who 
has  not  received  a  license  or  degree  from  the  proposed  institu- 
tion. The  effects  of  such  an  improvement  in  education  would 
be  incalculable." 

Samuel  R.  Hall,  the  Pioneer. 

To  Rev.  Samuel  R.  Hall,  belongs  the  honor  of  being  the 
pioneer  in  opening  the  first  school  for  the  training  of  teachers 
in  Concord,  Vt,  in  March,  1823. 

His  first  school  in  Bethel,  Maine,  1815,  showed  his  fine 
ability  to  teach  and  govern  a  school,  and  after  eight  years 
experience  in  the  school  room  as  a  teacher,  he  felt  qualified 
when  called  upon,  to  train  teachers  for  their  work.  Mr.  Hall 
taught  in  Concord,  Vt.,  until  July,  1830,  when  he  opened  an 
institution  for  teachers  in  Andover,  Mass.,  continuing  that 
school  until  1837,  when  he  opened  another  in  Plymouth,  Mass., 
which  he  conducted  until  1840. 

Samuel  R.  Hall  prepared  a  series  of  talks  on  teaching  and 
governing  children,  which  were  considered  so  valuable  that 
he  was  urged  to  publish  them,  which  he  did,  in  a  book,  entitled 
"Lectures  to  Schoolmasters  on  Teaching,"  1829.  In  the 
preface,  Mr.  Hall  says:  "Let  the  characters  of  teachers  be 
improved  and  improvement  in  the  schools  will  follow  of  course. 
To  accomplish  this  object,  it  is  desirable  that  institutions 
should  be  established  for  educating  teachers,  where  they 
should  be  taught  not  only  the  necessary  branches  of  literature, 
but  be  made  acquainted  with  the  science  of  teaching  and  the 


*  North  American  Review,  April,  1823. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  9 

mode  of  governing  a  school  with  success.  The  general  man- 
agement of  a  school  should  be  a  subject  of  much  study,  be- 
fore anyone  engages  in  the  employment  of  teaching."  Neither 
Horace  Mann  nor  Henry  Barnard  ever  stated  the  ends  and 
the  value  of  normal  training  more  clearly  or  strongly.  This 
little  primer  of  Pedagogy  had  a  great  sale  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  the  State  of  New  York  ordered  an  edition 
of  10,000  copies,  one  to  be  placed  on  the  teacher's  desk  of 
every  school  in  the  State,  and  the  State  Committee  on 
Education  of  Kentucky  recommended  that  a  copy  be 
given  to  every  teacher  in  the  State  at  public  expense.  For  a 
brief  outline  of  the  contents  of  this  first  book  written  for 
American  teachers  by  Rev.  Samuel  R.  Hall,  the  founder  of 
the  first  school  for  teachers  in  Concord,  Vt.* 

First  Normal  School  in   Massachusetts. 

James  G.  Carter  of  Boston,  was  called  by  Prof.  Emerson 
"the  father  of  Normal  Schools  in  Massachusetts,"  and  Dr. 
Barnard  says  that  to  him  "more  than  to  any  other  person 
belongs  the  credit  of  providing  for  the  training  of  competent 
teachers  in  that  state." 

A  series  of  essays  in  the  Boston  Patriot  in  the  winter  of 
1824-5  stirred  Massachusetts  and  the  educators  and  the  people 
of  all  the  other  states  to  the  vast  benefits  flowing  from  normal 
training  and  practice.  Mr.  Carter  opened  a  school  for  train- 
ing teachers  at  Lancaster,  Mass.,  in  1827,  four  years  after 
Mr.  Hall's  school  was  opened  in  Vermont;  both  the  town  and 
the  State  withheld  expected  aid  and  Mr.  Carter's  training 
school  was  abandoned.  In  1835,  Mr.  Carter  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature,  and  in  1836,  as 
Chairman  for  the  Committee  on  Education,  he  urged  the 
establishment  of  a  seminary  for  the  professional  training  of 


*  See  Barnard's  Journal  of  Education,  Vol.  5. 


io  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

teachers.  In  1837,  he  drew  the  bill  providing  for  a  State 
Board  of  Education,  and  in  1838,  Mr.  Carter's  speeches  and 
influence  turned  the  scale  in  favor  of  the  passage  of  the 
Normal  School  Bill,  under  which  the  first  State  Normal 
School  was  established  at  Lexington,  Mass.,  July  3,  1839,  with 
three  students,  under  the  leadership  of  the  first  great  Secretary 
of  the  Board  of  Education  of  that  State,  Hon.  Horace  Mann. 
The  second  State  Normal  School  of  Massachusetts  was  opened 
at  Barre,  Worcester  County,  Sept.  4,  1839,  an<3  tne  third  at 
Bridgewater,  Sept.  9,  1840.  For  the  support  of  the  three 
schools,  Hon.  Edmund  Dwight  of  Boston  gave  $10,000  and 
the  State  of  Massachusetts  an  equal  sum,  $20,000  in  all. 

Normal  Idea  Leaders. 

The  Normal  idea — the  training  of  teachers  in  the  Theory 
and  Practice  of  Teaching — germinal  in  the  minds  of  Samuel 
R.  Hall  and  Horace  Mann  had  taken  root,  first  in  the  little 
town  of  Concord,  Vt,  in  1823,  and  at  Lexington,  Mass., 
sixteen  years  later.  It  is  of  interest  to  note  the  pictures  of 
the  old  building  in  which  both  schools  were  established,  one 
of  which  is  still  standing.  The  Normal  idea  was  in  the  air 
and  advocated  by  men  of  commanding  influence  throughout 
New  England,  the  Middle  States  and  in  Ohio  and  Kentucky, 
in  1840.  Horace  Mann,  Rev.  W.  E.  Channing,  George  B. 
Emerson  and  Edward  Everett  in  Massachusetts,  Rev.  Alonzo 
Potter  of  Union  College,  and  Gov.  Dewitt  Clinton  of  New 
York,  Francis  Wayland,  President  of  Brown  University  in 
Rhode  Island,  Professors  Olmstead  and  Russell  in  Connecti- 
cut, and  Rev.  Calvin  E.  Stowe  in  Ohio,  stood  at  the  fore- 
front of  the  cause.  A  great  educational  revival  in  behalf  of 
the  proper  education  of  American  children  in  the  American 
public  schools  was  on  and  these  leaders  and  their  associates 
were  the  men  raised  up  for  the  splendid  work. 


HENRY    BARNARD. 


CHAPTER  II. 
Rhode  Island  Aroused. 


The  Leaders :  Henry  Barnard. 

Rhode  Island  began  to  awake  to  the  situation,  out  of  the 
private  school  lethargy  into  which  the  people  had  fallen  since 
the  grand  efforts  of  President  James  Manning  in  1790  and 
of  John  Rowland  in  1800.  The  Dorr  War  of  1842,  and  the 
mental  and  political  stir  of  the  people  prior  to  it,  prepared  the 
people  for  the  forward  educational  movement  in  this  State, 
under  the  leadership  of  Governor  James  Fenner,  Dr.  Wayland, 
Hon.  Wilkins  Updike  and  Hon.  Elisha  R.  Potter — all  men  of 
great  power — and  Henry  Barnard  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  a 
graduate  of  Yale  College,  who  had  espoused  the  cause  of 
common  schools  in  his  own  State,  was  invited  to  act  as  Agent 
for  education  in  Rhode  Island.  Mr.  Barnard  entered  on  his 
work  late  in  1842  and  at  the  May  session  of  the  General  As- 
sembly, 1844,  reported  a  bill  for  the  establishment,  support 
and  control  of  public  schools,  which  became  a  law,  June  27, 
1845.  Under  it  the  office  of  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools 
was  established  and  Mr.  Barnard  held  the  office,  until  his 
resignation,  from  ill-health,  in  1849. 

In  the  Act  of  1845,  tne  Commissioner  was  authorized  "to 
establish  teachers'  institutes,  and  one  thoroughly  organized 
Normal  School  in  the  State,  where  teachers  and  such  as 
propose  to  teach,  may  become  acquainted  with  the  most 


12  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

approved  and  successful  methods  of  arranging  the  studies 
and  conducting  the  discipline  and  instruction  of  public 
schools." 

The  pioneer  work,  wrought  by  Mr.  Barnard,  in  behalf  of 
free  common  schools  in  our  State  cannot  now  be  estimated  in 
amount  or  in  value,  and  in  and  through  it  all  he  infused  the 
normal  idea  and  ideals,  without  reaching  any  practical 
results  in  Normal  teaching.  A  belief  in  Normal  School 
education  was  planted  by  Mr.  Barnard,  but  it  was  a  plant  of 
slow  growth,  and  it  took  a  generation  for  its  development  in 
Rhode  Island. * 

First  Steps:  Elisha  R.  Potter;  S.  S.  Greene. 

Hon.  Elisha  R.  Potter,  succeeded  Mr.  Barnard  in  the  Com- 
missionership,  from  1849  to  ^54-  He  advocated  a  Board  of 
Education  and  a  State  Normal  School,  but  the  free  school 
system  was  not  on  its  feet  in  the  State,  and  his  work,  like  that 
of  Mr.  Barnard  was  in  preparing  the  way  for  the  fulfillment 
of  their  plans  and  hopes,  and  although  a  fiat  school  was 
established  in  1854,  it  never  had  popular  support  or  confidence. 

In  1850,  a  Normal  Department  was  opened  in  Brown  Uni- 
versity, under  the  charge  of  Prof.  Samuel  S.  Greene,  then 
Superintendent  of  Schools  of  Providence.  His  title  was 
"Professor  of  Didactics." 

First  Private  Normal  School. 

In  1852,  a  private  Normal  School  was  established  in  Provi- 
dence, under  Prof.  S.  S.  Greene,  Dana  P.  Colburn,  William 
Russell  and  Arthur  Sumner,  as  teachers.  The  Normal  School 
of  Rhode  Island  had  its  beginning  in  the  fall  of  1852,  following 
an  announcement  that  Prof.  Samuel  S.  Greene,  then  Superin- 
tendent of  Schools  in  Providence,  and  Mr.  Dana  P.  Colburn 


*  History  of  Public  Education  in  Rhode  Island,  1636-1876,  by  Thomas 
Wentworth  Higginson. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  13 

of  the  Bridgewater,  Mass.,  Normal  School  would  give 
instruction  to  young  persons  desiring  to  teach.  The  place 
was  a  hall  in  the  Universalist  Church  at  the  corner  of 
Weybosset  and  Eddy  streets.  The  hall  was  furnished  with 
settees,  and  on  the  platform  was  a  desk  and  a  few  chairs.  In 
the  course  of  the  session  a  few  books  accumulated  on  the  desk, 
a  blackboard  was  placed  on  the  wall,  and  possibly  a  few 
maps,  but  of  this  I  am  not  sure.  About  eighty  young  women 
gathered  here,  mostly,  I  think,  graduates  of  the  Providence 
High  School,  and  three  or  four  young  men. 

Besides  Prof.  Greene  and  Mr.  Colburn,  Mr.  William  Russell 
and  Mr.  Arthur  Sumner  gave  instruction.  There  were  no 
requirements  for  entrance,  except  the  payment  of  a  fee, 
fifteen  dollars,  I  believe,  and  no  classification  of  pupils.  The 
hours  were  from  nine  to  one  o'clock  with  brief  recesses.  Each 
instructor  occupied  an  hour,  the  entire  class  being  present  all 
the  time.  The  subjects  were  arithmetic,  algebra,  grammar, 
geopraphy,  physical  rather  than  political  (Guyot  being  the 
authority),  reading  and  elocution.  These  were  not  narrowly 
bounded,  but  were  broadly  conceived  and  sometimes  inter- 
mingled. Method  was  illustrated  rather  than  defined,  and 
when  pupils  were  required  to  give  lessons,  clearness  and  com- 
pleteness were  the  requirements. 

Prof.  Greene  was  always  analytical  and  logical.  Every 
lesson  had  definite  outlines  and  well  compacted  content.  He 
did  not  confine  his  teaching  to  grammar  or  analysis  of  lan- 
guage but  occasionally  touched  upon  some  branch  of  science. 

Mr.  Colburn's  teaching  was  essentially  practical.  The  fact 
was  the  important  thing.  That  two  and  two  made  four  was 
an  ultimate  fact  and  needed  no  illustration  with  sticks  or 
beans.  In  a  problem  there  was  a  definite  end  to  be  gained 
and  the  method  was  such  as  common  sense  dictated.  If  a 


14  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

subject  could  be  made  amusing  as  well  as  instructive  he  was 
not  afraid  of  compromising  dignity  by  introducing  mirth. 

Mr.  Russell  was  usually  spoken  of  as  an  elocutionist,  but 
he  was  first  of  all  an  educated  and  refined  gentleman.  His 
use  of  language  was  discriminating  and  choice,  his  manner 
of  speaking  precise  or  even  formal,  his  scholarship  accurate; 
he  and  Mr.  Colburn  were  admirable  complements  to  each 
other  in  their  influence. 

Mr.  Sumner*  was  younger  than  the  others,  of  less,  expe- 
rience and  teaching  ability.  But  his  tastes  in  literature  and 
his  general  culture  enabled  him  to  supplement  the  work  of 
others  in  two  or  three  subjects. 

There  were  no  examinations  at  the  close  of  the  session,  no 
reports,  no  certificates  or  diplomas.  A  list  of  those  who  had 
shown  ability  and  aptitudes  for  teaching  was  made  and  many 
on  the  list  were  afterwards  employed  in  the  schools  of 
Providence  and  elsewhere. f 

First   State   Normal  School   in   Providence. 

In  December,  1853,  the  School  Committee  of  Providence 
passed  a  resolution  in  favor  of  a  Normal  School,  for  the  bene- 
fit of  City  teachers,  and  of  State  teachers,  if  the  State  should 
co-operate.  The  City  Council  approved  the  plan  and  made 
provision  for  opening  a  Providence  City  Normal  School. 
Moved  by  the  action  of  the  City,  the  General  Assembly,  at 
the  May  Session  at  Newport,  1854,  passed  a  bill  establishing 
a  State  Normal  School,  appropriating  $3000  for  its  support. 

On  the  29th  of  May,  1854,  the  first  Rhode  Island  Normal 
School  was  inaugurated  in  Providence,  in  the  building  of  the 
Second  Universalist  Society,  Broad  street,  now  Weybosset 
street,  with  appropriate  exercises,  addresses  being  given  by 
Governor  William  Ward  Hoppin  and  Commissioner  Elisha 


*  A  cousin  of  Hon.  Charles  Stunner.  t  Miss  Ellen  M.  Haskell. 


DANA  P.  COLBURN 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  15 

R.  Potter.  Dana  P.  Colburn,  of  the  Bridgewater  Normal 
school,  was  elected  the  first  principal  at  a  salary  of  $1,200  and 
Arthur  P.  Sumner,  of  the  Lancaster,  Mass.  Normal  School, 
assistant  at  a  salary  of  $750.  This  school  was  continued  in 
Providence,  under  the  charge  of  the  Commissioner  of  Public 
Schools,  four  years,  with  encouraging  prospects  of  success, 
but  there  were  many  influential  persons  in  and  out  of  the 
General  Assembly  who  complained  of  the  expense  of  the 
school,  and  were  opposed  to  its  support  by  the  State,  basing 
their  opposition  to  the  school  on  the  ground  that  the  State 
should  not  educate  its  teachers  at  public  expense.  So  strong 
was  this  sentiment  that  the  General  Assembly  of  1857  re~ 
fused  its  annual  support  of  the  Normal  School. 
Removal  of  Normal  School  to  Bristol. 

Hon.  John  Kingsbury,  of  Providence,  the  Commissioner  of 
Public  Schools  found  it  necessary  to  adopt  other  measures  to 
support  the  school,  and,  on  consultation,  it  was  decided  to 
remove  the  school  from  Providence  to  Bristol,  in  response  to 
an  offer  made  by  that  town  to  provide  school  accommodations, 
without  expense  to  the  State.  Rev.  Dr.  Thomas  Shepard, 
minister  of  the  Congregational  Church  of  that  town,  was  most 
influential  in  the  change,  and  the  ancient  Congregational 
meeting  house  was  reconstructed,  so  that  the  school  might 
have  a  home  above  the  second  floor,  with  a  Town  Hall  below. 
Dana  P.  Colburn.  His  Death. 

The  removal  of  the  school  to  Bristol,  in  1858,  was,  as  its 
enemies  hoped  and  its  friends  feared,  the  beginning  of  the 
end.  The  attendance  at  once  decreased  and  interest 
slackened.  The  sad  and  sudden  death  of  Mr.  Dana  P.  Colburn, 
its  able  principal,  Dec.,  1859  (being  thrown  from  his  horse 
while  riding,  and  instantly  killed),  was  a  severe  blow  to  the 
school  and  a  great  loss  to  the  State,  for  on  his  strong  shoul- 


16  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

ders,  the  school  had  been  carried,  since  1854.  He  was  the 
embodiment  of  the  normal  idea,  and  his  enthusiasm  for 
teaching  gave  him  promise  of  the  highest  rank  in  his  profes- 
sion. "The  Normal  School  was  his  work-shop,  whence 
emanated  his  most  positive  influence  on  the  world." 
Joshua  Kendall.  Death  of  the  School. 

Joshua  Kendall,  succeeded  Mr.  Colburn,  as  principal,  as- 
sisted by  Rev.  Daniel  Goodwin,  Hanah  W.  Goodwin  (now 
Mrs.  Dr.  Drury),  Ellen  R.  Luther,  and  other  special  teachers. 
Mr.  Kendall  was  a  fine  type  of  the  gentleman,  the  scholar  and 
the  teacher,  but  his  abilities,  supported  by  an  able  faculty, 
could  not  stem  the  opposing  influences  working  against  the 
school  in  its  peninsular  and  isolated  situation.  In  April, 
1864,  Mr.  Kendall  resigned  the  principalship  to  teach  a  private 
school  in  Cambridge,  Mass.  The  school  continued  its  en- 
feebled mission  under  the  assistants,  until  July,  1865,  when 
its  doors  were  closed  at  Bristol,  and  the  first  Rhode  Island 
Normal  School  ended  its  brief  life  of  eleven  years,  with  but 
few  mourners  at  its  obsequies. 

Academic   Work. 

In  1866,  an  act  passed  the  General  Assembly  to  provide 
instructions  for  teachers  at  academic  schools,  and,  from  that 
date  to  the  establishment  of  the  present  State  Normal  School, 
in  1871,  $2,500  was  expended  for  the  training  of  teachers  at 
the  Providence  Conference  Seminary  at  East  Greenwich  and 
at  Lapham  Institute  at  North  Scituate.  Those  who  desired 
full  normal  training  found  it  in  the  Normal  Schools  of  neigh- 
boring states.  During  the  six  years  between  the  old  and  the 
new  school,  the  Commissioners,  the  Rhode  Island  Institute  of 
Instruction  and  some  leading  school  officers  continued  a  mild 
discussion  of  the  normal  question,  so  that  the  normal  idea  was 
kept  alive  in  the  house  of  its  friends. 


•  1 


NORMAL  SCHOOL  HOME. 
BRISTOL.   R.  I. 


CHAPTER  III. 
A  New  Era. 


Thomas  W.  Bicknell,  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools,  1869. 

In  April,  1869,  Seth  Padelford,  was  elected  Governor  of 
Rhode  Island,  holding  the  office  by  re-election  four  years.  At 
the  May  session  of  the  General  Assembly,  in  the  exercise  of 
his  prerogative,  the  Governor  nominated  Thomas  W.  Bicknell, 
of  Harrington,  as  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools,  which 
was  confirmed  by  the  the  Senate.  Mr.  Bicknell  received 
his  commission  and  entered  on  the  duties  of  his  office,  June 
i,  1869,  in  a  rear  room  on  the  second  floor,  at  No.  19  West- 
minster street,  Providence. 

The  new  Commissioner  was  then  thirty-five  years  of  age. 
The  district  school  of  Barrington,  Thetford  Academy,  Vt, 
and  Amherst  College,  and  Brown  University,  had  given  him 
his  intellectual  training,  graduating  from  Brown  in  the  class 
of  1860. 

Prior  to  graduation,  he  had  taught  three  years  and  had  a 
taste  of  experience  in  legislation  as  a  representative  from  his 
native  town  in  the  General  Assembly  of  Rhode  Island,  during 
his  senior  year  in  college.  His  first  speech  in  the  Assembly 
in  the  winter  of  1859-60,  was  in  favor  of  the  abolition  of  the 
separate  schools  for  colored  children.  Of  the  nine  years  be- 
tween graduation  and  the  office  of  Commissioner,  five  were 
spent  as  principal  of  the  Bristol,  R.  I.  high  school,  and  four, 
as  principal  of  the  Arnold  street  grammar  school,  Providence. 


1 8  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

While  at  Bristol,  he  was  in  constant  touch  with  the  Normal 
School  and  in  frequent  consultations  with  its  teachers,  there- 
by becoming  familiar  with  its  work,  and  the  ideals  of  its 
faculty.  As  President  of  the  Rhode  Island  Institute  of  In- 
struction, 1866  to  1868,  Mr.  Bicknell  secured  the  appointment 
of  an  able  committee  to  take  steps  for  the  re-establishment  of 
the  Normal  School,  but  its  labors  ended  in  consultations  and 
good  resolutions. 

His  Policy  and  Program. 

Within  thirty  days  of  the  receipt  of  his  commission,  Mr. 
Bicknell  declared  his  policy  and  made  a  program  of  the 
work  he  proposed  to  do,  which  he  communicated  to  school 
officers,  teachers  and  the  people  by  circulars  and  the  public 
press. 

The  program  included: 

First:  Teachers'  Institutes  and  lectures  in  the  principal 
towns  of  the  State. 

Second:  School  visitation  and  addresses  to  the  people. 

Third :  The  establishment  of  a  State  Board  of  Education. 

Fourth:  The  establishment  of  a  State  Normal  School. 

Fifth:  Conventions  of  school  officers  to  discuss  and 
formulate  plans. 

The  first,  second  and  fifth  purposes  of  the  program  had 
special  reference  to  the  third  and  fourth,  as  the  immediate 
and  imperative  needs  of  the  hour.  Before  eight  months  had 
elapsed,  seven  institutes  for  teachers  and  people  had  been 
held  at  East  Greenwich,  Woonsocket,  Wyoming,  Wickford, 
Little  Compton,  Newtown,  Washington  and  Providence,  with 
an  estimated  attendance  of  over  500  teachers  and  4000  parents 
and  friends,  before  all  of  whom  the  Normal  School  proposi- 
tion was  ably  discussed,  and  at  all  of  which  the  Commissioner 
presided  and  directed  the  debate.  In  January,  1870,  Roger 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  19 

Williams  Hall,  the  largest  in  Providence,  could  not  contain 
one-half  the  teachers  and  friends  of  education,  who  came  to 
hear  the  discussion  of  educational  questions.* 

A  State  Board  of  Education. 

In  order  to  secure  a  wise  direction  to  the  educational  work 
of  the  State,  and  permanency  and  greater  efficiency  in  the  Chief 
Executive,  the  Commissioner  submitted  a  -bill  for  the  creation 
of  a  Board  of  Education  to  consist  of  the  Governor  and  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor, ex-officiis  and  one  member  from  each  county, 
except  Providence,  which  from  its  greater  size,  should  have 
two;  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools  was  to  be  the 
Secretary  of  the  Board  and  elected  annually  by  it.  It  is  but 
justice  to  the  Commissioner  to  state  that  he  conferred  with 
every  member  of  the  General  Assembly  as  to  the  merits  of  the 
proposed  measures  which  became  a  law  at  the  January  session, 
1870,  nine  months  to  a  day  from  the  date  of  the  commissioner's 
entrance  to  office.  The  creation  of  a  Board  of  Education  was 
the  first  important  step  in  the  founding  of  the  second  Normal 
School.  The  first  board  consisted  of  Seth  Padelford,  of 
Providence,  Governor,  Pardon  W.  Stevens,  of  Newport,  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor, Rev.  Daniel  Leach,  Providence,  Charles  H. 
Fisher,  North  Scituate,  Prof.  George  Washington  Greene, 
East  Greenwich,  Samuel  H.  Cross,  Westerly,  Rev.  A.  F. 
Spaulding,  Warren,  Frederic  W.  Tilton,  Newport,  and  Thomas 
W.  Bicknell,  Secretary  of  the  Board. 

A  Normal  School  Campaign. 

At  the  outset  of  the  campaign  for  establishing  a  new  Normal 
School,  the  Commissioner  had  about  a  score  of  warm  sup- 
porters, among  whom  were  Prof.  S.  S.  Greene,  Hon.  John 

*  For  a  full  account  of  this  most  remarkable  meeting  see  the  files 
of  the  daily  press  and  Rev.  E.  M.  Stone's  History  of  the  R.  I.  In- 
stitute of  Instruction. 


2O  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

Kingsbury,  Supt.  Leach,  Supt.  Tilton,  Prof.  George  W. 
Greene,  Gov.  Padelford,  Rev.  Daniel  Goodwin,  Rev.  Augustus 
Woodbury,  Hon.  Elisha  R.  Potter,  and  later  the  Board  of 
Education. 

Great   Obstacles. 

Great  obstacles  opposed  the  movement.  The  general  apathy 
of  the  people  was,  perhaps,  the  most  formidable.  The  normal 
idea  had  never  found  popular  favor.  Dr.  Woodbury,  in  his 
address  at  the  dedication  of  the  State  Normal  School  building, 
in  1879,  said  of  the  early  founding  of  the  school,  "There  was 
much  prejudice  to  overcome,  and  much  opposition  to 
encounter.  The  educational  paper  of  the  State,  The  Rhode 
Island  Schoolmaster/  was  in  a  state  of  suspense,  having  fallen 
by  the  wayside  through  apathy  and  inertion,  in  1868.  The 
General  Assembly  was  naturally  indisposed  to  make  a  second 
attempt,  which  might  end  in  a  second  failure.  Public  opinion 
does  not  rapidly  crystallize  in  our  State." 

A  large  body  of  the  wealthiest  and  most  influential  citizens 
of  the  State  was  opposed  to  higher  taxation  for  the  support  of 
Common  Schools,  and  a  Normal  School.  These  men  con- 
trolled the  politics  and  the  politicians  of  the  State,  and 
threatened  defeat  of  the  measure. 

The  secondary  and  private  schools  were,  as  a  rule,  opposed 
to  a  Normal  School.  The  same  opposition  was  shown  by  the 
controlling  forces  of  the  Providence  High  School,  and  several 
years  elapsed  before  a  graduate  of  the  Normal  School  was 
given  preference  to  a  position  in  the  City  schools  over  a 
graduate  of  the  girls'  department  of  the  City  high  school  of 
Providence. 

The  members  of  the  General  Assembly,  while  most  cordial 
towards  the  Commissioner,  were  as  a  rule,  non-committal  or 
hostile  to  the  Normal  School  measure,  at  the  outset.  The 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  21 

memory  of  the  school,  at  Bristol,  acted  the  part  of  a  dreadful 
nightmare :  its  ghost  would  not  down  at  the  order.  It  seemed 
to  the  legislators,  like  an  unburied  corpse  that  needed  decent 
burial,  not  a  resurrection. 

"Failure "  was  written  over  the  door  of  the  first,  and  the 
Commissioner  was  warned  not  to  risk  his  reputation  in  at- 
tempting to  found  another,  lest  a  bigger  "Failure,"  would 
stand  as  its  epitaph  and  his. 

Another  class  of  men  did  not  believe  that  Rhode  Island 
could  establish  and  support  a  first-class  Normal  School,  and 
urged  the  sending  of  Rhode  Island  candidates  for  teaching 
to  Massachusetts,  Connecticut  or  New  York,  which  could 
afford  educational  luxuries. 

What  Hon.  E.  L.  Freeman  Thought. 

The  letters  which  follow  are  presented  to  confirm  the 
statements  already  made.  They  were  written  to  Mr.  Bick- 
nell,  in  1878,  at  the  request  of  Dr.  Woodbury. 

Hon.  E.  L.  Freeman,  was  Senator  from  Central  Falls,  for 
many  years,  and  one  of  the  ablest  politicians  of  the  State. 

Central  Falls,  R.  I.,  Nov.  15,  1878. 
Hon.  T.  W.  Bicknell.— 

Dear  Sir: — In  answer  to  your  favor  of  the  I4th  inst.,  I 
would  say  that  the  scenes  in  the  Senate  of  Rhode  Island,  when 
the  bill  re-establishing  the  State  Normal  School  was  passed, 
are  fresh  in  my  remembrance.  And  while  there  were  some 
warm  friends  of  the  measure,  yet  the  fact  that  the  experiment 
had  been  tried,  and  partially  failed,  was  so  potent  with  the 
members  that  the  bill  would  have  failed  had  it  not  been  for  your 
persistent  labors  not  only  with  Committees,  but  with  the 
individual  Senators.  I  confess  that  I  voted  for  the  measure 
on  account  of  your  urgency,  and  with  but  very  little  faith  that 


22  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

the  School  would  be  a  success.  I  believe  that  to  you  more 
than  any  man  or  body  of  men  is  due  the  credit  of  the  re-estab- 
lishment of  the  Normal  School. 

r    With  respect  I  remain  yours,  etc., 

Edward  L.  Freeman. 

Hon.  Nathan  T.  Ferry,  a  Friend. 

Hon.  Nathan  T.  Verry,  was  a  member  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  from  Woonsocket,  and  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Education. 

He  wrote  under  date  of  Nov.  25,  1878,  "I  know  from  per- 
sonal knowledge,  the  great  amount  of  labor  required  to  re- 
instate and  found  a  new  Normal  School.  There  was  deep 
prejudice  and  much  opposition  to  be  overcome,  and  to  you 
should  be  awarded  the  credit  of  meeting  and  answering  these 
objections.  To  you  is  the  State  indebted  for  the  accomplish- 
ment and  success  of  this  most  important  work,  as  founder  of 
the  Normal  School." 

Hon.  Samuel  Powell,  a  Doubter  Converted. 

Hon.  Samuel  Powell,  was  the  Senator  from  Newport,  in 
the  General  Assembly.  He  was  a  wealthy,  educated  gentle- 
man of  the  old  school,  aristocratic  and  conservative,  as 
was  the  constituency  he  represented.  He  wrote  as  follows : 

"While  I  was  a  member  of  the  Rhode  Island  Senate  I 
distinctly  remember  the  steady,  earnest  purpose  you  main- 
tained in  doing  all  you  could  to  make  favor  for  the  re-establish- 
ment of  a  Normal  School  in  Rhode  Island. 

"I  often  discussed  the  question,  whether,  seeing  the  smallness 
of  our  State,  it  were  not  wiser  to  claim  the  hospitality  of  the 
Normal  Schools  of  neighboring  larger,  and  richer  states,  than 
to  endeavor  to  establish  an  independent  school  of  our  own. 
I  thought  it  questionable  that  we  could  reasonably  provide  as 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  23 

broad  a  system  of  culture  for  the  future  tutelars  of  the 
young.  My  own  convictions  of  the  aims  and  purpose  of 
education  are  somewhat  peculiar,  differing  with  the  age  in 
which  I  live.  Of  course,  the  aggregate  of  education  is  largely 
the  assemblage  of  grains  of  knowledge,  yet  some  of  the  walk- 
ing accumulations  of  knowledge  it  has  been  my  fate  to  meet, 
have  been  among  the  most  impracticable  and  most  incapable 
people  in  the  community.  They  want  a  broad  philosophy 
and  a  sound  judgment,  with  power  practically  to  apply  their 
storehouse  of  wealth.  These  are  some  of  the  crotchets  of 
my  brain,  and  I  hold  to  them  despite  my  sixty  years,  which 
made  it  especially  hard  work  for  you  to  enlist  my  energy  in 
the  support  of  a  Normal  School,  in  this  small  State.  My 
support,  at  last,  under  your  urgent  appeals,  amounted  to  my 
decided  support,  beyond  all  question,  of  the  necessity  of  a 
Normal  School  education,  but  I  fairly  stated  for  the  judg- 
ment of  the  Senate  the  questionings  which  oppressed  my  mind, 
about  going  into  the  enterprise  ourselves.  These  lines  are  for 
your  raconteur  that  he  may  have  a  notion  of  the  trouble  and 
success  you  had  in  roping  in  the  troublesome  material  you 
had  to  deal  with,  and  among  that  body  I  place  myself." 

How  the  People  Were  Won  to  the  Normal  Idea. 
These  letters  are  inserted  here  to  show  that  the  Normal  idea 
had  never  taken  deep  root  in  real  Rhode  Island  soil.  The  first 
school  had  never  been  the  creation  of  the  people,  and  had 
never  won  position  or  popularity.  It  had  need  of  the  assent 
and  the  consent  of  the  citizenship  of  the  State,  in  order  to 
enjoy  popular  support,  and  to  secure  that  appreciative  sup- 
port was  the  task  to  which  Mr.  Bicknell  devoted  himself, 
with  all  his  ability,  energy  and  enthusiasm. 


24  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

Rhode  Island  Institute,  1870. 

The  great  meeting  of  the  Institute  at  Roger  Williams  Hall, 
January,  1870 — the  largest  ever  held  in  Rhode  Island  or  in 
any  other  New  England  state,  at  that  date — had  a  mighty  in- 
fluence in  uniting  the  educational  forces  of  the  State  in  behalf 
of  a  Normal  School.  A  bright,  new  day  seemed  to  have 
dawned  on  the  school  work,  and  workers  of  Rhode  Island. 
The  Commissioner  led  the  way  in  urgent  arguments,  and  was 
heartily  seconded  by  Gov.  Padelford,  Judge  Potter,  Hon. 
C.  C.  Van  Zandt,  Hon.  Henry  Barnard,  and  others,  and  the 
teachers  went  back  to  their  schools  inspired  with  new  hopes 
and  purposes.  Through  the  teachers,  Mr.  Bicknell  hoped  to 
reach  the  people. 

School  Officers'  Convention. 

A  convention  of  school  officers  was  held  in  January,  1870, 
over  which  Hon.  Elisha  R.  Potter,  presided — the  first  meeting 
of  its  kind  ever  held  in  the  State.  It  was  questioned  in 
advance,  as  to  its  success,  but  it  proved  an  agreeable  surprise 
to  the  men  of  weak  faith.  The  towns  were  well  represented 
by  committees,  superintendents  and  trustees.  The  chief 
topics  were  the  creation  of  a  Board  of  Education,  and  a  State 
Normal  School,  on  which  the  debate  was  earnest  and  intelli- 
gent, and  the  final  resolutions  were  practically  unanimous  in 
favor  of  both  propositions. 

Providence  Press. 

By  these  two  great  meetings,  the  Commissioner  became  well 
assured  of  the  cordial  support  of  school  officers  and  teachers. 
The  next  move  was  to  reach  the  legislators  and  the  people — 
the  principal  work  of  the  campaign. 

The  Providence  press  had  supported  the  Commissioner 
heartily  and  generously  from  the  first.  The  Providence  Jour- 
nal, under  the  splendid  editorship  of  George  W.  Danielson, 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  25 

and  the  Providence  Press  and  Star,  ably  edited  by  Hon.  Sidney 
M.  Dean,  a  Senator  from  Warren  in  the  General  Assembly, 
opened  their  columns  freely  for  the  circulation  of  educational 
news  and  discussion  of  matters  of  public  school  interest.  The 
Commissioner's  office  was  a  Bureau  of  Information,  daily 
visited  by  the  reporters  for  school  news,  and  the  Commissioner 
was  often  called  upon  to  furnish  matter  for  the  editorial 
columns  of  both  papers. 

Mass  Meeting  at  Rocky  Point. 

Thus  began  the  year,  1870 — a  memorable  date  in  the  educa- 
tional history  of  Rhode  Island.  The  Commissioner's  program 
was  a  full  one.  It  included  public  addresses  in  every  town  of 
the  State,  at  which  the  Commissioner  was  assisted  by  one  or 
more  speakers.  Teachers'  Institutes  were  held  in  several  of 
the  larger  towns  and  cities.  A  grand  Mass  Meeting  of  the  peo- 
ple of  the  State  was  held  at  Rocky  Point,  with  a  clambake  as  a 
side  attraction,  in  July,  to  which  the  citizens  and  teachers 
flocked  in  great  numbers  from  all  parts  of  the  State.  Horace 
Mann,  once  said,  that  if  he  wished  to  scatter  a  mob  in 
Massachusetts,  he  would  commence  a  speech  on  education. 
Education,  Xonnal  Education,  was  the  rallying  cry  of  this 
unprecedented  gathering,  at  the  greatest  watering  place  on  the 
bay.  Men  and  women  are  now  living,  who  state  that  their 
first  purpose  to  attend  the  Normal  School,  when  established, 
or  to  aid  in  its  creation,  was  made  at  Rocky  Point,  in  the  year 
1870.  A  splendid  clambake,  stirring  addresses,  and  a  band 
of  music,  were  fine  bait  to  catch  the  populace,  in  behalf  of  a 
State  Normal  School. 

Commissioner  Bicknell's  Personal  Work. 
Personal   work,   hand-picking   the    farmers    would   call    it, 
was  an  important  part  of  Mr.  Bicknell's  service,  and  it  would 


26  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

be  an  interesting  story  to  tell  how  some  legislators  were  won, 
A  Senator  was  to  be  visited  in  a  town  on  the  Connecticut 
border,  and  the  Commissioner  walked  two  miles  from  the 
R.  R.  station  to  find  him  hoeing  corn  with  a  gang  of  men. 
Meeting  him  at  the  head  of  a  row,  the  Commissioner  took 
a  hoe  of  one  of  the  men,  and  talked  a  new  Normal  School, 
while  he  hoed  his  row  by  the  side  of  the  Senator.  The 
Senator  promised  his  support.  In  another  town,  the  leading 
doctor  was  a  leading  politician,  and  held  the  control  of  the 
two  legislative  votes.  An  address,  in  the  doctor's  school 
district  and  a  night  as  his  guest  secured  the  desired 
result.  In  another  town,  where  three  women  constituted  the 
school  board,  it  was  only  necessary  that  he  should  assure 

Judge  O. and  his  associates,  of  his  earnest  support  of  a 

school  committee  of  women,  to  receive  in  return  their  loyal 
friendship  for  his  pet  measure.  He  was  royally  entertained 
as  he  boarded  around,  all  over  Rhode  Island,  and  it  was  in  the 
tour  of  1870,  among  the  farmers  and  rural  homes,  that  he 
learned  the  Rhode  Island  housewives'  art  of  housekeeping  and 
good  cooking,  as  he  never  knew  it  before. 

The  Johnny-cakes  of  "Shepherd  Tom's"  Country,  the 
sausages  and  mince  pie  at  Noose  Neck,  the  roast  turkey  at 
Westerly,  the  clams  and  fish  of  Little  Compton,  the  Indian 
pudding  and  baked  beans  at  Burrillville,  the  stuffed  bluefish 
of  Block  Island,  the  succotash  of  Jamestown,  are  still, 
"though  lost  to  sight,  to  memory  dear." 

Rev.  Dr.  Woodbury's  Opinion  of  the  Work. 
Rev.  Dr.  Woodbury,  in  his  dedicatory  address  of  the  Second 
Normal  building,  spoke  as   follows  of  Mr.  Bicknell's  work: 
"He  at  once  set  himself  to  work  to  bring  about  the  desired  re- 
sult.      He  left  no  stone  unturned  during  the  years  1869 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  27 

1870,  to  inspire  and  combine  the  public  sentiment  in  favor  of 
the  enterprise. 

"By  public  educational  lectures  in  every  town  in  the  state, 
by  teachers'  institutes,  and  papers  and  discussions,  thereon,  by 
the  newspaper  press,  which  opened  its  columns  freely  to  the 
commissioner,  by  the  Rhode  Island  Institute  of  Instruction, 
by  the  distribution  of  educational  tracts,  and  by  personal  inter- 
views with  the  members  of  the  General  Assembly,  the  labors 
of  the  Commissioner  gradually  began  to  bear  fruit.  In  these 
two  years  of  effort,  a  great  deal  of  work  had  been  done,  and 
that  it  was  well  done,  the  event  has  amply  proved." 

How   Washington  Saw  It.  Letter  of  Gen.  John  Eaton. 

Gen.  John  Eaton,  U.  S.  .Commissioner  of  Education  wrote 
to  Dr.  Woodbury  as  follows,  concerning  Mr.  Bicknell's 
work : 

"He  seemed  to  us  at  Washington,  to  be  the  most  efficient  and 
successful  organizer  and  promoter  for  the  Rhode  Island 
Normal  School.  As  School  Commissioner,  he  threw  all  his 
magnetic  personality,  and  great  official  influence  in  its  behalf. 
For  this  purpose  he  brought  to  bear  the  force  of  public 
addresses,  and  the  aid  of  the  newspaper  press,  until  the  people 
of  the  State  became  thoroughly  converted  to  the  Normal  idea, 
and  he  never  ceased  his  urgency  for  its  establishment,  either 
in  season  or  out  of  season,  publicly  and  privately,  until  he  had 
officially  delivered  the  keys  to  James  C.  Greenough,  its  able 
and  efficient  principal,  in  1871.  To  Commissioner  Bicknell 
belongs  the  distinguished  honor  of  founding  the  present  State 
Normal  School  of  Rhode  Island." 


CHAPTER  IV. 
Legislation. 


The  Struggle;  The  Crisis;  The  Triumph. 
The  January  session  of  the  General  Assembly,  1871,  opened 
with  Seth  Padelford,  Governor,  president  of  the  Senate,  and 
Hon.  Charles  C.  Van  Zandt,  of  Newport,  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Representatives,  both  warm,  personal  friends  of  Commis- 
sioner Bicknell,  and  of  a  State  Normal  School.  Samuel  H. 
Cross,  of  Westerly,  was  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Education  in  the  Senate,  and  George  Washington  Greene,  of 
East  Greenwich,  chairman  of  the  House  Committee;  both 
were  members  of  the  Board  of  Education,  were  influential 
with  the  members,  and  had  endorsed  the  bill  for  a  Normal 
School,  in  a  session  of  the  board. 

Normal  School  Bill  in  The  Rhode  Island  Senate. 

The  bill  was  introduced  in  the  Senate  by  Mr.  Cross,  and  re- 
ferred to  his  Committee  on  Education.  In  due  time,  the 
Normal  School  bill  was  reported  back  to  the  Senate,  with  the 
unanimous  support  of  the  committee,  and  was  made  the 
special  order  of  the  day,  for  February  28,  1871. 

At  ii  A.  M.,  Commissioner  Bicknell  left  his  office  for  the 
Senate  chamber  in  the  old  State  House  on  Benefit  street,  to 
listen  to  the  debate  on  the  bill.  Taking  his  seat  in  the  lobby,  he 
waited  the  hour  of  debate.  At  n  A.  M.,  Governor  Padelford 
announced  that  the  bill  for  a  Normal  School  was  the  special 
order  of  the  day,  and  called  on  the  secretary  of  state,  Joshua 


THOMAS  W.  BICKNELL, 

COMMISSIONER   OF    PUBLIC    SCHOOLS 
1869-75 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  29 

M.  Addeman,  to  read  the  bill.  After  its  reading,  Sidney  M. 
Dean,  Senator  from  Warren,  arose  and  said:  "Mr.  President 
and  Senators,  we  have  come  to  the  hour  for  consideration  and 
action  on  one  of  the  most  important  measures  of  the  session;  a 
measure  of  vital  interest  to  all  the  people  of  Rhode  Island,  in 
that  it  has  to  do  with  the  education  of  teachers,  who  are  to 
aid  in  the  education  of  our  children.  There  is  a  gentleman  in 
the  Senate  chamber,  who  is  the  leader  in  the  movement  for 
a  State  Normal  School,  and  who  is  familiar  with  the  arguments 
in  its  favor  far  beyond  the  members  of  this  body.  I  refer 
to  Hon.  Thomas  W.  Bicknell,  our  Commissioner  of  Public 
Schools.  I  move,  Mr.  President,  that  the  Honorable  Commis- 
sioner be  invited  to  address  the  Senate  on  the  bill  now  before 
this  body,  and  to  that  end,  that  the  Senate  now  take  a  recess, 
to  reconvene  after  his  address."  Senator  Dean's  motion  was 
seconded  and  passed  and  the  Senators,  in  the  recess,  kept 
their  seats,  and  Governor  Padelford  invited  Mr.  Bicknell  to 
address  the  Senate  from  the  president's  platform. 
Commissioner  Bicknell  Before  the  Senate. 

The  Commissioner  was  surprised  by  this  most  unusual,  un- 
precedented and  most  unexpected  turn  of  affairs,  while  the 
high  compliment  overcame  the  surprise,  and  decision  and 
action  were  immediate. 

Mr.  Bicknell  spoke  over  an  hour,  setting  forth  in  the 
strongest  arguments  at  his  command,  the  reason  for  establish- 
ing a  Normal  School  in  Rhode  Island.  At  the  close  of  his 
address,  questions  were  asked  by  several  Senators  as  to  the 
features  of  the  bill,  among  which  were  the  amount  of  the 
appropriation,  the  location  of  the  school,  the  number  of 
teachers,  probable  number  of  pupils,  etc.  Senator  Powell, 
of  Newport,  while  questioning  took  occasion  to  state  his 


30  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

position,  and  his  early  objections  to  a  Normal  School  in 
Rhode  Island,  as  intimated  in  the  quotation  from  his  letter. 

It  was  one  o'clock  when  Governor  Padelford  called  the 
Senate  to  resume  its  session,  and  without  debate,  Senator 
Dean,  of  Warren,  moved  the  passage  of  the  bill,  which  was 
seconded  by  several  Senators,  and  on  a  viva  voce  vote,  no 
Senator  voting  against  the  bill,  the  Governor  declared  the  bill 
passed  by  a  unanimous  vote.  At  this  point,  Senator  Nathan- 
iel Peckham,  of  South  Kingstown,  stated  that  he  wished  to 
make  some  remarks  on  the  bill,  and  would  like  to  have  it  laid 
on  the  table  until  the  next  morning.  In  courtesy  to  the 
Senator,  the  bill  was  so  disposed  of,  and  at  the  next  session, 
the  Senator  said  he  had  decided  not  to  speak  upon  the  bill,  and 
on  motion  of  Senator  Dean  it  was  passed  by  the  Rhode  Island 
Senate,  by  an  unanimous  vote,  March  i,  1871. 

The  bill  went  to  the  House,  was  unanimously  recommended 
by  the  Committee  on  Education,  and,  after  a  brief  debate, 
passed  the  House  of  Representatives  by  a  unanimous  vote,  no 
one  voting  Nay,  and  became  a  law  on  March  15,  1871. 

Debate  in  Rhode  Island  House  of  Representatives. 
Special  of  Hon.  George  W .  Greene. 

Hon.  George  W.  Greene,  Chairman  of  Committee  on  Educa- 
tion, in  the  House  of  Representatives,  made  an  able  speech  on 
the  Normal  School  bill,  which  has  been  preserved  in  Vol. 
XVII,  of  the  Rhode  Island  Schoolmaster,  pp.  129-134. 

A  few  sentences  from  that  speech  are  quoted.  "I  will  state 
in  a  single  sentence  the  object  of  this  bill.  It  is  to  protect 
society  against  the  wrong  and  the  waste  of  incompetent  teach- 
ing. The  State  and  the  towns  of  the  State  have  paid  during  the 
last  year  large  sums  for  the  support  of  their  schools:  nearly 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  31 

five  hundred  thousand  dollars  in  all.  Now,  sir,  I  am  speaking 
within  moderate  bounds  when  I  assert  that  one-third  of  those 
five  hundred  thousand  dollars  have  been  thrown  away — nay, 
worse  than  thrown  away.  I  make  the  assertion  thoughtfully, 
and  advisably.  And  how  has  this  great,  I  had  almost  said 
criminal  waste  arisen?  Ask  our  laborious  and  thoroughly 
informed  School  Commissioner.  Ask  the  committee  ap- 
pointed by  the  Board  of  Education,  to  make  a  special  study  of 
the  wants  and  deficiencies  of  our  school  system.  They  will 
make  you  the  same  reply.  Ask  frank  and  conscientious 
teachers  themselves.  They  will  tell  you  that  they  have  never 
been  taught  to  teach,  and  are  learning  as  well  as  they  can 
at  the  expense  of  the  minds  and  characters  of  their  pupils,  and 
of  the  treasury  of  the  State. 

Sir,  there  is  a  great  want  in  our  school  system.  We 
propose  to  supply  that  want,  instead  of  the  untrained,  or  half- 
trained  men  and  women,  who  take  to  teaching  as  a  make- 
shift, and  as  soon  as  they  have  found  something  that  promises 
better  pay,  renounce  teaching.  We  propose  to  provide  a 
class  of  thoroughly-trained  men  and  women,  who  shall  feel 
the  dignity  of  their  pursuit,  and  by  honoring  it  themselves, 
make  others  honor  it;  who  shall  love  their  profession,  and 
diffuse  the  quickening  spirit  of  love  through  all  its  depart- 
ments; who  shall  carry  full  minds  and  fresh  hearts  into  the 
school  room,  and  thus  take  strong  hold  upon  the  minds  and 
hearts  of  their  pupils;  and  who,  at  every  improvement  in  the 
processes  of  teaching,  shall  feel  a  new  delight,  like  that  which 
the  mathematician  feels  in  the  discovery  of  a  new  method  of 
solution,  or  the  naturalist  in  the  discovery  of  a  new  species." 


32  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL   SCHOOL. 

AN  ACT  TO  ESTABLISH  A  STATE  NORMAL  SCHOOL 
Passed  March  15,  1871. 

SECTION  i.  There  shall  be  established,  as  hereinafter  pro- 
vided, a  school  to  be  called  the  Rhode  Island  Normal  School, 
expressly  for  the  education  of  teachers. 

SEC.  2.  Said  school  shall  be  under  the  management  of  the 
State  Board  of  Education,  and  the  Commissioner  of  Public 
Schools  as  a  Board  of  Trustees,  and  they  are  authorized  to 
establish  a  State  Normal  School,  at  some  suitable  place  in  this 
State. 

SEC.  3.  All  applicants  from  the  several  towns  and  cities 
in  the  State  shall  be  admitted  to  free  tuition  in  said  school  after 
having  passed  a  satisfactory  examination  as  prescribed  by  the 
Board  of  Trustees,  and  after  having  given  a  satisfactory  bond 
to  teach  in  this  State,  at  least  one  year  after  graduation. 

SEC.  4.  Pupils  who  shall  have  passed  the  regular  course 
of  studies  at  the  State  Normal  School  shall  receive  a  diploma, 
signed  by  the  Trustees  of  the  School,  on  the  written  recom- 
mendation of  the  principal. 

SEC.  5.  The  said  Trustees  shall,  by  themselves,  or  by  a 
committee  of  their  own  number  examine  applicants,  and  upon 
finding  due  qualifications  shall  give  certificates  of  their  ability 
to  teach  schools  of  the  several  designated  grades  in  this  State. 

SEC.  6.  His  Excellency,  the  Governor,  is  hereby  authorized 
to  draw  his  order  on  the  general  treasurer  of  this  State,  in 
favor  of  the  State  Board  of  Education,  for  the  sum  of  ten 
thousand  dollars,  in  such  installments  and  at  such  times  as 
said  Board  may  request,  for  the  purpose  of  defraying  the 
expenses  of  said  school  for  the  first  year;  and  the  Board  of 
Education  shall  render  an  annual  account  of  the  manner  in 
which  said  moneys  have  been  by  them  expended,  at  the  January 
session  of  the  General  Assembly. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  33 

SEC.  7.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  herewith 
are  hereby  repealed. 

AN  ACT  TO  EQUALIZE  THE  BENEFITS  OF  THE 
NORMAL  SCHOOL,  ETC. 

[Passed  March  24,  1871.] 

SECTION,  i.  The  Trustees  of  the  Normal  School  may  pay 
to  each  pupil,  who  has  been  admitted  to  said  school,  and  shall 
have  attended  the  regular  sessions  of  said  school,  and  in  all 
respects  complied  with  the  rules  and  regulations  thereof,  dur- 
ing the  term  next  preceding  such  payment,  and  whose  resi- 
dence during  such  attendance  was  in  this  State,  at  a  distance 
from  said  school  of  not  less  than  five  miles,  a  sum  of  money 
not  exceeding  ten  dollars  a  quarter,  to  aid  in  the  payment  of 
the  necessary  traveling  expenses  actually  incurred  by  such 
pupil,  for  such  attendance;  provided  that  such  payment  shall 
be  made  equally  to  all  such  pupils,  and  in  proportion  to  the 
distance  of  their  residence,  respectively  from  said  school ;  and 
the  aggregate  amount  of  such  payments  shall  not  in  any  one 
year  exceed  the  sum  of  fifteen  hundred  dollars. 

SEC.  2.  AND  3,  prescribe  the  form  and  limit  the  amount  of 
the  payments  for  travel  and  Normal  instruction. 

General  Jubilee. 

There  was  general  rejoicing  in  Rhode  Island,  over  the 
unanimous  passage  of  the  bill  creating  a  State  Normal  School. 

The  newspaper  press,  which  had  advocated  the  measure, 
uttered  the  first  public  congratulations.  School  officers  and 
teachers  by  letter,  resolutions  and  personal  addresses  expressed 
great  joy  over  the  result.  The  dawn  of  a  new  educational  day 
seemed  near.  At  the  Commissioner's  office,  the  headquarters 
of  the  Board  of  Education,  there  was  a  constant  jubilee.  Mr. 
Bicknell,  styled  the  General  Assembly,  'The  Educational 


34  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

Legislature"  of  Rhode  Island,  and  said  that  its  memory  would 
be  kept  ever  green  in  the  hearts  of  Rhode  Island  educators. 

In  the  April  issue  of  the  Rhode  Island  Schoolmaster,  1871, 
of  which  he  was  editor,  he  wrote  these  opening  sentences: — 
"The  friends  of  education  in  Rhode  Island  will  rejoice  with 
us  over  the  passage  of  the  bill  which  re-establishes  a  Normal 
School  within  our  borders,  and  which  gives  to  it,  for  its  outfit, 
the  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars.  .... 

"There  only  needed  the  strong  expression  of  the  popular  will 
in  this  matter,  and  that  has  at  last  been  given,  in  the  unanimous 
votes  of  our  legislators  in  favor  of  the  immediate  establish- 
ment of  a  first-class  State  Normal  School.  To  the  honor  of 
the  General  Assembly,  of  Rhode  Island,  for  the  year  of  grace, 
1870-71,  not  a  man  was  found  in  either  House,  who  was 
willing  to  put  his  name  on  record  as  opposed  to  a  State  Normal 
School,  and  training  school,  and  the  question  of  pecuniary 
support  was  not  how  little,  but  how  much  money  is  needed 
for  its  endowment  to  ensure  its  absolute  success. 

"As  Rome  was  not  built  in  a  day,  so  our  Normal  School  must 
not  be  expected  to  do  its  work  in  a  season,  or  to  send  out  at 
its  first  graduation  to  every  school  district  in  the  State,  the 
teacher  needed  and  best  fitted  for  the  place.  Time  and 
patient  labor  are  elements  required  to  give  it  stability,  character 
and  success.  .... 

"Rhode  Island  is  now  in  line  with  all  her  sister  New  England 
states.  ....  Teachers,  school  officers,  pupils, 
patrons,  and  citizens,  give  thanks,  take  courage  and  go 
forward." 

The  Trustees  and  Their  Work. 

The  act  creating  a  State  Normal  School,  made  the  State 
Board  of  Education  with  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools, 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  35 

a  Board  of  Trustees  for  its  establishment  and  control.  The 
sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars  was  appropriated  for  its  annual 
support.  Later,  an  act  was  passed,  appropriating  the  sum  of 
$1,500,  as  mileage  for  all  students  living  more  than  five  miles 
from  the  school. 

The  Board  of  Trustees  entered  at  once  upon  the  work  of 
organizing  and  establishing  the  Normal  School.  It  was 
decided  that  the  school  should  be  located  in  Providence,  and 
a  suitable  building  was  found  in  the  High  street  Congregation- 
al meeting  house,  from  which  the  church  had  recently  removed 
to  Broad  street.  Its  owner,  Hon.  Amos  C.  Barstow,  recon- 
structed the  edifice  to  suit  the  demands  of  the  Trustees,  on  a 
term  lease. 

The  Providence  Journal,  on  March  16,  1871,  the  day  follow- 
ing the  passage  of  the  bill  creating  a  State  Normal  School, 
had  a  most  cordial  editorial  on  "The  State  Normal  School," 
from  which  we  quote,  "The  friends  of  common  schools  will 
rejoice  to  see  that  the  project  of  establishing  a  State  Normal 
School  has  been  received  with  so  much  favor,  and  will  watch 
its  further  progress  with  profound  interest.  Its  successful 
finality  must  be  regarded  a  signal  triumph  of  the  cause  of 
popular  education  in  our  State,  and  the  assured  precursor 
of  better  teachers  and  better  schools." 


CHAPTER  V. 
Finding  a  Principal. 

The  finding  of  Dr.  Livingston  by  Stanley,  was  one  of  the 
greatest  events  of  his  dramatic  life.  So  the  important  labor 
of  finding  an  able  principal  for  the  Normal  School,  was  a 
matter  of  no  small  magnitude.  On  it  the  success  or  failure 
of  the  new  school  would  in  a  great  measure  hang.  The 
Trustees  felt  that  a  great  responsibility  rested  on  them,  and  that 
great  confidence  was  reposed  in  them  by  the  strong  support 
of  the  people,  as  expressed  by  both  branches  of  the  General 
Assembly. 

On  the  I4th  of  April,  the  Board  of  Trustees  appointed  a 
committee  on  securing  a  principal  for  the  Normal  School, 
consisting  of  Gov.  Padelford,  Professor  Greene,  Supt.  Leach, 
Rev.  G.  L.  Locke,  Supt.  Tilton,  and  Commissioner  Bicknell. 
This  committee,  with  others  of  the  board,  visited  the  State 
Normal  Schools  of  New  York,  at  Albany  and  Oswego,  and  the 
Westfield  and  Bridgewater  schools  of  Massachusetts,  with 
two  objects  in  mind:  one  the  study  of  the  best  type  of  school 
for  our  State,  the  other  to  find  a  man  representing  the  chosen 
type  for  the  principalship.  In  the  final  survey  of  normal 
instruction  in  New  England  and  the  Middle  States,  it  seemed 
to  the  Trustees,  that  the  Massachusetts  methods  and  principles 
would  be  of  the  greatest  practical  value  in  Rhode  Island,  and 
Messrs.  Dickinson,  of  Westfield,  and  A.  G.  Boyden,  of 
Bridgewater,  were  taken  into  their  counsels,  to  the  end  that 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  37 

the  Board  might  obtain  the  best  representatives  of  their  normal 
ideas.  After  much  consultation  and  correspondence,  atten- 
tion was  called,  among  many  others,  to  James  C.  Greenough, 
associate  principal  of  the  Massachusetts  Normal  School,  at 
Westfield.  A  careful  study  of  the  man,  through  all  the 
avenues  of  information  at  command,  with  a  studious  acquaint- 
ance with  Rhode  Island  needs,  led  the  Trustees  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  no  mistake  would  be  made  in  choosing  him.  The 
decision  WPS  left  with  a  sub-committee  consisting  of  Gov. 
Padelford  and  Mr.  Bicknell,  who  were  instructed  to  attend 
the  annual  graduation  exercises  at  Westfield,  Mass.,  in  June, 
and  if  the  class  work  satisfied  the  committee,  of  a  high  standard 
of  work,  they  should  offer  to  Mr.  Greenough,  the  principalship 
of  the  Rhode  Island  school,  with  the  privilege  of  naming  his 
assistants.  Two  days  were  spent  at  Westfield  by  the  sub- 
committee, and  so  thoroughly  were  they  convinced  as  to 
the  fitness  of  the  man,  and  value  of  the  methods  of  that 
school,  that  Mr.  Greenough  was  offered  the  principalship  of 
the  Normal  School,  and  before  they  left  Western  Massachu- 
setts, Mr.  James  C.  Greenough,  Miss  Susan  C.  Bancroft,  and 
Miss  Mary  L.  Jewett,  all  graduates  of  the  Westfield  school, 
were  engaged  to  teach  in  Rhode  Island,  their  work  to  begin 
September,  1871.  Next  to  the  establishment  of  the  school 
in  legislation,  was  the  act  of  securing  these  three  persons,  who 
were  to  shape  the  future  of  the  Normal  School.  The  wisdom 
of  that  day's  work  has  never  been  questioned  in  Rhode  Island, 
and  its  results  are  destined  to  be  far-reaching.  The  Board  of 
Trustees  endorsed  all.  They  builded  well  and  wiser  than 
they  knew. 

Mr.  Greenough  soon  visited  Providence,  studied  the  situa- 
tion, and  in  connection  with  a  committee  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees,  prepared  a  course  of  study,  secured  special  lecturers 


38  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

and  arranged  other  preliminary  work,  to  the  end  that  the 
Trustees  might  issue  a  bulletin,  relating  to  the  dedication  and 
work  of  the  school. 

As  this  document  has  historic  value,  its  contents  are  pub- 
lished, entire.  The  6th  of  September  was  chosen  for  the 
opening  of  the  school,  in  honor  of  the  37th  birthday  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Public  Schools. 

PROSPECTUS 

OF 

RHODE  ISLAND  STATE  NORMAL  SCHOOL, 
AT  PROVIDENCE,  R.  I. 

BOARD   OF   INSTRUCTION. 

J.  C.  GREENOUGH,  A.  B.,  PRINCIPAL. 
Miss  SUSAN  C.  BANCROFT  AND  Miss  MARY  L.  JEWETT, 

Assistants. 

LECTURERS    AND    SPECIAL    INSTRUCTORS. 

PROF.  GEORGE  I.  CHACE,  LL.D.  PROF.  B.  F.  CLARKE, 

Physiology  and  Moral  Mathematics. 

Science.  PROF.  T.  WHITING  BANCROFT, 

PROF.  S.  S.  GREENE,  LL.D.,  Rhetoric. 

Language  and  English  PROF.  CHARLES  H.  GATES, 

Grammar.  Modern  Languages. 

PROF.  J.  LEWIS  DIMAN,  LL.D.  Miss  SUSAN  C.  BANCROFT, 

English  History.  Vocal  Music  and  Vocal 

HON.  GEORGE  W.  GREENE,  Culture. 

American  History.  MRS.  M.  H.  MILLER, 

HON.  THOMAS  W.  BICKNELL,  Reading  and  Elocution. 

School  Law. 


SAMUEL  S.  GREENE. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  39 

Able  Instructors  in  Drawing  and  Penmanship  will  be  secured. 

His  EXCELLENCY  SETH  PADELFORD,  ex-officio. 

His  HONOR  PARDON  W.  STEVENS,  ex-officio. 
REV.  DANIEL  LEACH,  REV.  GEORGE  L.  LOCKE, 

GEORGE  W.  GREENE,  SAMUEL  H.  CROSS, 

CHARLES  H.  FISHER,  M.  D.,      FRED  W.  TILTON, 

THOMAS  W.  BICKNELL, 

Commissioner  of  Public  Schools,  and  Secretary  of  the  Board 

Trustees. 

OPENING  OF  SCHOOL. 

This  school  will  be  opened  on  Wednesday,  September  6th, 
1871,  at  which  time,  appropriate  dedicatory  exercises  will  be 
held. 

The  object  of  the  school  is  to  enable  those  who  are  to  teach 
in  the  Public  Schools  of  Rhode  Island  to  prepare  for  their 
work.  The  importance  of  professional  training  is  now  recog- 
nized by  all  who  appreciate  the  value  of  good  teaching,  and  it 
is  hoped  that  those  who  intend  to  teach  in  our  State,  will,  if 
possible,  avail  themselves  of  the  means  of  preparation  now 
provided  by  the  bounty  of  the  State. 

Course  of  Study. 

A  two  years'  Course  of  Study,  similar  to  that  found  in  the 
best  Normal  Schools  in  this  country,  will  be  adopted.  It 
is  expected  that  the  graduates  of  our  High  Schools  will  be  able 
to  finish  the  course  in  one  year,  and  those  furnishing  satisfac- 
tory evidence  of  having  honorably  completed  a  course  at  a 
High  School,  will  be  admitted,  without  an  examination,  to 
an  advanced  standing  in  the  school. 

The  Board  of  Education  have  prescribed  the  following 
Course  of  Study  for  the  State  Normal  School : — 


40  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

Studies  to  be  Pursued. 

FIRST  TERM. 

1.  Arithmetic,  oral  and  written,  reviewed. 

2.  Geometry,  begun. 

3.  Chemistry. 

4.  Grammar,  and  Analysis  of  the  English  Language. 

SECOND  TERM. 

1.  Arithmetic,  completed;  Algebra,  begun. 

2.  Geometry,  completed;  Geography  and  History,  begun. 

3.  Physiology  and  Hygiene. 

4.  Grammar  and  Analysis,  completed. 

5.  Lessons  once  or  twice  a  week  in  Botany  and  Zoology. 

THIRD  TERM. 

1.  Algebra,  completed;  Book-keeping. 

2.  Geography  and  History,  completed. 

3.  Natural  Philosophy. 

4.  Rhetoric  and  English  Literature. 

5.  Lessons    once    or    twice    a    week    in    Mineralogy    and 
Geology. 

FOURTH  TERM. 

1 .  Astronomy. 

2.  Mental  and  Moral  Science,  including  the  Principles  and 
Art  of  Reasoning. 

3.  Theory  and  Art  of  Teaching,  including 

(1)  Principles  and  Methods  of  Instruction. 

(2)  School  Organization  and  Government. 

(3)  School  Laws  of  Rhode  Island. 

4.  The  Constitution  of  Rhode  Island  and  the  United  States. 
Drawing  will  be  taught,  with  special  reference  to  its  use  in 

Common  Schools  and  its  practical  application  to   industrial 
pursuits. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  41 

Instruction  will  be  given  in  the  principles  and  practice  of 
Vocal  Music,  and  the  best  methods  of  teaching  the  same. 

General  exercises  will  be  given  daily  in  Composition,  Vocal 
Culture,  Object  Lessons,  and  in  Gymnastics. 

Latin,  Greek,  French,  German,  and  other  advanced  studies 
may  be  pursued,  but  not  to  the  neglect  of  the  English  course. 

Those  who  shall  honorably  complete  the  course  of  study 
will  receive  a  diploma  issued  by  authority  of  the  State,  and 
signed  by  the  Governor,  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools, 
and  the  Principal. 

Qualification  for  Admission. 

Male  applicants  for  admission  to  the  school  must  be  17 
years  of  age;  female  applicants,  16.  Candidates  for  admis- 
sion will  be  examined  in  Reading,  Spelling,  Penmanship,  Arith- 
metic to  Involution,  Geography,  Grammar,  and  after  the  year 
1872,  United  States  History;  and  for  this  purpose  must  pre- 
sent themselves  in  the  Study  Hall  of  the  Normal  School 
building,  on  the  first  day  of  the  term,  Wednesday,  September 
6,  at  10  A.  M. 

Applications  for  admission  should  be  made  in  person,  or  by 
letter,  as  soon  as  possible,  to  the  Commissioner  of  Public 
Schools,  Office,  No.  87  Westminster  street,  Providence,  R.  I. 
Candidates  who  apply  by  letter,  should  state  the  following 
facts : — 

1.  Name  in  full. 

2.  Post  Office  Address. 
3-     Age. 

4.  Place  of  previous  education  and  the  studies  pursued. 

5.  If  candidate  has  taught,  state  number  of  terms'  experi- 
ence as  a  teacher. 


42  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

Candidates  should  also  furnish  recommendations  of  good 
intellectual  ability  and  moral  character  from  some  responsible 
person. 

Tuition. 

Tuition  will  be  free  to  all  pupils  who  complete  the  course 
of  study  with  the  intention  of  teaching  in  the  Public  Schools 
of  Rhode  Island.  Those  who  do  not  intend  to  teach,  may 
enter  the  school  for  a  full  or  a  partial  course,  at  reasonable 
rates  of  tuition. 

Pecuniary  Aid  to  Those  in  Attendance. 

The  mileage  appropriation  of  fifteen  hundred  dollars  will  be 
distributed  among  those  pupils  who  reside  at  a  distance  ex- 
ceeding five  miles  from  Providence. 

Pupils  boarding  in  Providence  will  be  entitled  to  the  same 
mileage  as  if  they  lived  at  home.  The  aid  furnished  to  any 
one  pupil  is  limited  to  forty  dollars  per  year.  Special  atten- 
tion will  be  given  to  the  applications  of  those  in  indigent  cir- 
cumstances who  intend  to  complete  the  course  of  study  in 
order  to  teach  in  the  Public  Schools  of  the  State,  so  that  the 
expenses  of  the  education  of  such  pupils  may  be  made  as  light 
as  possible. 

Location  of  Normal  School  Building. 

The  Trustees  have  secured  for  the  Normal  School,  the 
edifice  on  High  street,  formerly  used  as  the  house  of  worship 
of  the  High  Street  Congregational  Church.  This  fine  build- 
ing, situated  in  a  very  eligible  location,  has  been  entirely  re- 
modeled in  its  internal  structure,  and  will  be  carefully  fitted 
up  so  as  to  furnish  an  ample  and  beautiful  study  hall,  recitation 
rooms,  and  all  necessary  accommodations.  Additional  rooms 
will  be  fitted  up  as  occasion  shall  require. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  43 

Railroad  and  Horse  Car  Communications  With  the  School. 

The  trains  over  the  several  railroads  which  centre  in  Provi- 
dence, will  reach  the  city  in  season  for  the  opening  of  the  daily 
sessions,  and  will  leave  soon  after  the  close  of  the  school  in  the 
afternoon.  The  school  building  is  within  an  easy  walk  of  five 
minutes  of  the  Central  Depot  on  Exchange  Place;  and  the 
Horse  Cars  of  the  several  lines  connecting  with  all  parts  of  the 
city,  and  with  Olneyville,  Elmwood,  Pawtuxet,  and  South 
Providence,  either  pass  along  High  street,  or  within  a  moment's 
walk  of  the  school.  All  parts  of  the  city  and  State  are  thus, 
by  railroads  and  horse  cars,  brought  into  direct  and  easy 
communication  with  the  Normal  School. 

Railroad  officers  have  offered  tickets  at  reduced  rates  to 
those  attending  the  school.  These  tickets  may  be  obtained 
by  applying  to  the  Principal. 

Library,  Apparatus,  and  Cabinet. 

The  Library  of  the  school  will  be  furnished  with  such  works 
of  reference  as  may  be  needed,  and  the  philosophical  and 
chemical  departments  with  all  necessary  apparatus.  The  use 
of  a  valuable  cabinet  of  minerals  has  already  been  secured. 

Terms,   Vacations,  and  Sessions. 

The  school  year  will  consist  of  forty  weeks,  divided  into 
two  terms  of  twenty  weeks  each.  The  Fall  and  Winter  Term 
will  begin  Wednesday,  September  6,  1871,  and  close  Saturday, 
January  27,  1872. 

The  Spring  and  Summer  Term  will  begin  Wednesday, 
February  6,  1872,  and  close  Saturday,  June  28,  1872. 

The  Spring  Term  will  be  preceded  by  a  vacation  of  one 
week ;  the  Fall  Term  will  hereafter  be  preceded  by  a  vacation 
of  nine  weeks. 


44  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

There  will  be  a  recess  of  three  days  at  Thanksgiving,  and 
of  one  week  during  the  Christmas  holiday.  There  will  also 
be  a  recess  of  one  week  in  the  middle  of  the  Spring  Term. 

The  school  will  hold  its  sessions  on  Tuesdays,  Wednesdays, 
Thursdays,  Fridays  and  Saturdays  of  each  school  week,  from 
9:30  A.  M.  till  2:30  P.  M. 

A  session  of  the  school  will  be  held  on  Saturday,  in  order 
that  teachers  and  friends  of  education  throughout  the  State 
who  desire  to  acquaint  themselves  with  approved  methods  of 
instruction  may  be  present,  and  all  interested  in  the  work  of 
popular  instruction  are  cordially  invited  to  attend. 

Board  and  Rooms. 

For  students  who  wish  to  reside  in  the  city,  board  and  rooms 
in  good  families  may  be  obtained  at  prices  varying  from  $3.50 
to  $5.50  per  week.  Rooms  may  be  obtained  by  those  who 
wish  to  board  themselves,  at  very  reasonable  rates. 

School  officers  in  the  several  towns  are  requested  to  act  as 
a  Committee,  to  recommend  students  of  good  capacity,  from 
their  towns,  for  the  benefits  of  the  Normal  course  of  study. 

Address,  for  particulars  and  other  information,  previous  to 
the  opening  of  the  school,  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools ; 
after  September  6,  1871,  the  Principal  of  the  School. 
By  Order  of  the  Trustees. 

THOMAS  W.   BICKNELL, 

Secretary  of  Trustees,  and  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools. 

Office,  87  Westminster  street. 
PROVIDENCE,  July  30,  1871. 


SETH   PADELFORD. 


CHAPTER  VI. 
Dedication. 


The  following  account  of  the  dedicatory  exercises  appeared 
in  the  Providence  Journal,  Sept.  7,  1871,  and  is  preserved  in 
full  for  historic  uses. 

Opening  Exercises  and  Dedication. 

The  opening  exercises  of  the  State  Normal  School  took 
place  Wednesday  morning,  commencing  at  10  o'clock,  in 
"Normal  Hall."  The  hall  was  crowded,  applicants  for 
scholarship,  of  which  there  were  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 
present,  being  arranged  in  the  centre,  and  the  friends  of  the 
institution  given  seats  on  the  sides  and  at  the  rear  of  the  hall. 
Upon  the  platform  were  seated  His  Excellency  Gov.  Padelford, 
who  presided  over  the  exercises;  Messrs.  T.  W.  Bicknell, 
Commissioner  of  Public  Schools;  Samuel  H.  Cross,  of 
Westerly;  Dr.  Fisher,  of  North  Scituate;  Daniel  Leach,  Sup- 
erintendent of  Public  Schools  of  Providence;  Rev.  G.  L. 
Locke,  of  Bristol  (all  Normal  School  Trustees)  ;  His  Honor 
Mayor  Doyle,  Prof.  J.  L.  Diman,  Rev.  E.  M.  Stone,  J.  C. 
Greenough,  Principal  of  the  Normal  School;  Hon.  Amos  C. 
Barstow,  and  various  other  friends  of  education  in  this  State. 

The  exercises  were  opened  with  music  by  an  improvised 
quartette,  Mr.  Robert  Bonner  presiding  at  the  piano.  Rev. 
E.  M.  Stone  read  a  selection  of  Scripture,  and  Rev.  Prof.  J.  L. 
Diman,  of  Brown  University,  offered  prayer. 


46  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

Gov.  Padelford's  Address. 

His  Excellency  Governor  Padelford,  then  made  a  brief 
address  as  follows : 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen — It  affords  me  great  pleasure  to  meet 
so  large  a  number  on  this  occasion,  so  important  to  the  rising 
generation  of  Rhode  Island.  It  is  one  in  which  the  educators 
and  the  educated  should  alike  feel  proud,  for  it  is  by  means  of 
the  Normal  School  that  the  numbers  of  both  are  to  be  in- 
creased, the  educators  or  instructors  made  more  efficient,  and 
the  benign  influences  of  a  higher  culture  felt  throughout  the 
State.  We  were  among  the  first,  in  Rhode  Island,  in  our 
efforts  to  furnish  to  all,  the  means  of  an  education.  Our 
system  of  public  instruction  has  been  efficient  through  the 
common  schools  and  the  high  schools ;  and  recently,  by  the 
means  of  the  fund  obtained  by  the  sale  of  lands  granted  by  the 
general  government,  we  are  enabled  to  maintain  thirty  students 
at  Brown  University  free  of  charge,  whenever  that  number 
shall  be  appointed  by  the  Commissioners.  But  there  was  one 
link  wanting  to  make  our  system  complete,  and  this  was  a 
Normal  School  for  the  education  of  the  teachers.  As  soon 
as  the  General  Assembly  became  aware  of  the  want  of  a 
Normal  School  in  this  State,  with  a  view  of  raising  the 
standard  of  education,  it  passed  an  act  for  its  establishment, 
and  made  a  liberal  appropriation  for  its  support.  It  also 
created  a  Board  of  Education,  selecting  therefor,  gentlemen 
interested  in  the  cause  of  learning,  who  were  willing  to  give 
their  time  to  the  general  oversight  of  an  educational  establish- 
ment, that  it  might  be  placed  on  an  equal  footing  with  those 
of  other  States  in  the  Union.  I  consider  this  Board  a  most 
important  appendage  to  an  institution  of  this  kind  as  well  as 
to  the  cause  of  Education  throughout  the  State,  and  one  that 
has  long  been  needed.  Normal  or  training  schools  were  first 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  47 

introduced  in  Prussia  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century, 
where  they  made  little  headway.  Some  fifty  or  sixty  years 
since  they  began  to  be  adopted  in  other  countries,  and  soon 
spread  and  multiplied  all  over  Europe.  In  the  United  States, 
the  first  one  was  opened  in  Massachusetts,  thirty-nine  years 
ago,  and  attended  with  the  most  complete  success,  and  they 
now  exist  in  most  of  the  northern  and  western  states  as  well 
as  in  some  of  the  southern  states,  in  the  Canadas  and  Nova 
Scotia.  But  it  is  not  alone  in  Europe  and  in  the  United 
States  that  Normal  Schools  have  been  attended  with  such 
good  results,  for  their  fame  has  extended  to  the  Far  East.  In 
India  and  Turkey  they  have  been  established,  and  quite 
recently  in  at  least  two  of  the  South  American  States.  It 
is  quite  time,  therefore,  that  Rhode  Island  should  be  waking 
up  to  her  interests.  The  State  has  made  a  liberal  grant  of 
money,  and  the  Board  of  Education  has  made  choice  of  an 
experienced  and  accomplished  teacher  in  a  gentleman  who 
comes  to  us  from  one  of  the  first  Normal  Schools  established 
in  America — Westfield,  Mass. — with  two  able  and  accom- 
plished female  assistants.  Their  experience  will,  therefore, 
be  of  great  service  to  us  in  our  new  enterprise. 

I  hope  they  will  find  their  new  field  of  labor  one  that  will 
be  agreeable  and  pleasant  to  them,  fully  meeting  all  their  ex- 
pectations. I  beg  leave  to  extend  to  them  a  warm  and  cordial 
welcome,  pledging  to  them  all  the  aid  and  support  within  my 
power  to  give  as  the  Executive  of  the  State,  with  the  fullest 
assurance  that  it  will  prove  a  perfect  success,  reflecting  credit 
alike  on  themselves  and  upon  the  State.  We  owe  much,  in 
the  fresh  impulse  given  to  the  cause  of  education  and  in  the 
establishment  of  this  Normal  School,  to  our  present  indefati- 
gable and  zealous  School  Commissioner,  who  has  'been 
unwearied  in  his  efforts  to  give  to  this  undertaking  a  marked 


48  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

success  in  its  opening.  With  such  aid  and  such  experienced 
and  zealous  advocates,  I  feel  assured  that  Rhode  Island  will 
be  able  to  maintain  a  position  second  to  none  in  the  country. 

Mayor  Thomas  A.  Doyle. 

His  Honor  the  Mayor  made  a  brief  address,  cordially  wel- 
coming to  the  city  the  teachers  who  come  here  from  abroad, 
and  congratulating  the  friends  of  education  and  the  people  of 
Rhode  Island  on  the  successful  establishment  of  the  institution. 

Address  of  Rev.  Daniel  Leach,  Superintendent  of 
Schools,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mr.  President : — The  present  is  an  occasion  of  deep  interest 
to  every  true  friend  of  education.  We  are  here  to-day  to 
inaugurate  the  re-establishment  of  a  Normal  and  training 
school  for  our  State.  Well  may  we  rejoice  at  the  opening  of 
an  institution  so  full  of  promise  and  hope.  We  may  now, 
with  confidence,  look  forward  to  the  glorious  fruits  of  a  ripen- 
ing harvest.  The  great  and  fundamental  truth  cannot  be  too 
often  reiterated  or  too  emphatically  expressed,  that  it  is 
through  intellectual  and  moral  power  alone  that  any  people 
can  be  permanently  exalted.  This  institution,  which  has  such 
flattering  prospects  at  its  opening,  is  designed  to  elevate  and 
dignify  the  office  of  a  teacher.  However  this  may  have  been 
degraded  in  times  past  by  unworthy  aspirants,  it  is  an  office, 
when  worthily  rilled,  that  cannot  be  surpassed  in  true  honor  and 
dignity  by  any  other  in  the  gift  of  man,  and  woe  to  the  people 
that  neglect  or  undervalue  it. 

The  principal  aim  of  this  school  is  not  to  take  the  place  of 
other  seminaries  of  learning,  either  of  a  higher  or  lower  grade, 
but  it  is  to  be  emphatically  professional,  to  teach  the  art  of 
teaching — the  noblest  of  all  arts.  It  is  not  designed  to  furnish 
teachers  with  the  elements  and  materials  of  knowledge,  but 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  49 

to  give  greater  clearness  and  accuracy  to  their  thoughts — to 
enable  them  so  to  arrange  and  beautify  what  they  have  already 
acquired,  that  it  may  be  the  more  skillfully  imparted  to  others. 
This  is  its  legitimate  work,  and  to  this  should  its  labors  be 
confined.  Another  aim,  not  less  important,  is  to  unfold  to  the 
teacher  the  true  motive  power  by  which  his  work  is  to  be  ac- 
complished. It  is  this  knowledge,  more  than  any  other,  that 
distinguishes  the  true,  noble  teacher. 

Education  is  not  merely  a  process  of  pouring  into  the 
memory  and  storing  up  valued  truths,  but  rather  the  develop- 
ing and  invigorating  the  nascent  energies  of  the  youthful 
mind.  It  is  the  opening  of  the  secret  avenues  of  the  soul  to 
the  pure  rays  of  intellectual  and  moral  light — it  is  in  emphati- 
cally teaching  how  to  think — to  think  clearly,  connectedly  and 
forcibly.  How  significant  and  full  of  meaning  is  the  old 
Saxon  word  "to  think,"  and  yet  how  little  understood.  By 
the  faculty  of  thinking  we  are  allied  to  angels,  and  what  is 
there  in  the  wide  realm  of  creation  that  can  be  compared  with 
original,  beautiful  thought. 

It  is  evident  that  a  work  so  vast,  so  difficult,  so  far-reaching 
in  its  results,  requires  careful  training  and  the  most  consum- 
mate skill.  And  while  teachers  should  be  made  to  understand 
and  feel  that  it  is  their  first  and  highest  duty  to  make  the  paths 
of  learning  attractive  and  delightful,  and  from  the  rich  stores 
of  their  varied  knowledge  to  throw  around  them  every  possible 
charm,  and  to  present  every  laudable  incentive,  they  should 
also  be  deeply  impressed  with  a  truth  no  less  vital  and  import- 
ant, that  under  the  Providence  of  God,  everything  great  and 
good  has  its  price,  and  that  there  is  no  valued  acquisition 
within  the  reach  of  money  that  is  not  the  reward  of  active, 
persevering  labor,  and  that  without  this,  but  little,  very  little, 
can  ever  be  accomplished. 


5O  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

I  rejoice,  Mr.  President,  that  the  cause  of  popular  educa- 
tion in  our  State  has  this  day  received  an  impulse  that  will 
carry  it  forward  to  a  glorious  future.  Already  I  see  the 
dawning  of  a  new  era  of  intelligence  and  virtue.  Already 
do  I  hear  the  gladsome  voices  of  youth  rejoicing  in  the  ways  of 
knowledge.  Already  do  I  see  science  and  art,  with  increasing 
power  and  skill,  creating  their  beautiful  productions  through- 
out this  fair  land. 

And  now,  Mr.  President  and  Board  of  Trustees,  I  would 
congratulate  you,  and  our  laborious  Commissioner,  that  your 
assiduous  efforts  to  establish  this  school  have  been,  to-day, 
crowned  with  such  brilliant  success. 

Address  of  Hon.  Amos  C.  Bar  stow. 

Hon.  Amos  C.  Barstow  was  introduced  by  the  President  as 
the  man  who  had  provided  the  building  for  the  use  of  the 
Normal  School,  and  made  a  few  remarks,  alluding  to  the  fact 
that  this  was  the  second  time  he  had  been  present  at  dedicatory 
services  in  this  building — the  first  being  its  dedication  as  a 
sanctuary,  in  1844.  This  was,  he  said,  the  Divine  order — first 
the  sanctuary  and  then  the  schoolhouse ;  first  religion  and  then 
education.  He  then  gave  a  short  history  of  the  causes  which 
led  to  the  use  of  this  building  for  the  purposes  of  a  Normal 
School,  and  closed  with  congratulations  to  the  friends  of 
education  on  the  brilliant  prospects  of  the  institution. 

Address  of  Thomas  IV.  Bicknell 
On  Presentation  of  Keys  to  Mr.  Greenough. 

Hon.  T.  W.  Bicknell,  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Trustees, 
presented  the  keys  to  the   Principal,   Mr.  J.   C.   Greenough, 
with  the  following  remarks: 
Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Trustees: 

A  simple,  but  significant  duty  has  been  assigned  me,  to 
deliver  the  keys  of  this  edifice,  now  styled  the  Rhode  Island 


m 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  51 

Normal  School  building,  into  the  custody  of  the  Principal  of 
the  Normal  School,  about  to  be  opened  within  its  walls.  Its 
simplicity  requires  no  words,  but  its  interesting  significance 
compels  a  brief  utterance,  First,  of  ardent  congratulations, 
that  you  and  I  live  to  see  this  auspicious  day,  when  Little 
Rhody,  first  in  many  of  the  great  interests  which  benefit 
humanity  and  the  world,  shall  assume  an  equal  rank  with  her 
sister  States  in  the  character  and  extent  of  her  educational 
institutions.  Our  common  schools  and  our  college  have  laid 
the  foundation  of  our  social  and  intellectual  strength  and  of 
our  physical  prosperity,  and  in  their  present  rank  and  success 
we  may  feel  a  just  pride.  But  added  to  these,  as  a  guide  and 
stimulus  to  better  things  in  the  future,  our  legislators,  our 
educators,  our  teachers  and  our  people  have  long  felt  the  need 
of  such  an  institution  as  you  have  aided  in  re-establishing. 
Your  wisdom  in  this  event  is  but  the  interpretation  of  the 
people's  want;  your  prescience,  but  the  reading  of  the  hand- 
writing upon  the  walls  of  our  educational  and  political  fabric. 
This  crowded  assemblage  of  the  youth  of  our  State,  so  far 
outnumbering  your  largest  anticipations,  anxious  to  pluck  the 
fruits  of  a  larger  culture,  and  a  finer  training,  to  bear  them 
to  the  children  of  our  State,  literally  rather  than  figuratively 
hungering  after  knowledge,  is  only  the  expression  of  the 
popular  mind  and  heart  on  this  subject  of  education.  You 
have  been  obedient  to  the  earthly  vision,  and  these  doors  which 
swing  their  portals  outward  to-day,  turn  in  cheerful  harmony 
with  that  law  which  has  its  centre  in  the  souls  of  freemen,  and 
in  obedience  to  which  kings  and  courts,  governors  and  councils 
move.  These  halls,  so  appropriately  constructed  and 
furnished,  these  walls  so  fittingly  adorned  for  labor,  and 
to-day  by  these  simple  services  dedicated  to  the  uses  of  Normal 
training,  are  of  little  account  in  the  work  we  do,  and  history 


52  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

will  take  little  note  of  them.  This  able  faculty,  and  all  the 
appliances  you  may  render  them,  are  but  human  instrumen- 
talities, and  not  for  them  have  you  wrought  thus  far.  The 
State  to-day,  following  the  Master's  example,  holds  before  us 
its  little  children,  and  bids  its  agents  heed  their  wants,  their 
great  necessities.  You  hear  the  cry  which  calls  for  bread,  and 
from  the  home,  the  humble  district  schoolhouse,  the  high 
school,  and  college  walls  conies  the  same  voice,  "Give  lest  we 
perish." 

These  youth,  invoked  by  that  earnest  cry,  ask  you  to  furnish 
them  for  the  high  mission  work  to  serve  and  save  the  State; 
and  in  the  interests  of  our  teeming  population,  whose  children 
bless  our  towns,  villages  and  cities,  we  are  inspired  and  act. 

Acting  in  their  name  and  yours,  gentlemen  of  the  Trustees 
for  the  State  we  love  to  serve,  it  is  my  pleasure,  Mr.  Principal, 
to  present  you  the  keys  of  this  building.  They  are  the  symbols 
of  power  and  trust.  Bringing  with  you  from  the  great  centre 
of  Normal  labor  in  a  noble  sister  State,  the  rich  experience  and 
ripe  culture  of  years  of  studious  work,  we  have  the  largest  con- 
fidence that  you  will  build  as  wisely  and  successfully  here  as 
there.  The  people  of  Rhode  Island  look  this  way,  at  this 
hour,  not  through  curtained  windows,  but  with  clear  vision  and 
throbbing  hearts.  Their  faith  is  in  God  and  common  schools. 
That  was  the  fathers'  creed,  and,  thank  heaven,  it  shall  be  the 
children's.  "Hope"  is  our  motto,  and  we  are  anchored  to  it. 
They  will  soon  learn  what  manner  of  \vorkmen  you  and  your 
co-laborers  are,  and  in  their  friendship  and  prayers  you  and 
your  work  here  shall  stand. 

You  know  full  well  the  value  of  the  sacred  trust  this  day 
imposed  and  assumed.  Human  hands,  hearts  and  wisdom 
fail,  but  the  Divine,  never.  To  you  and  your  able  associates 
we  delegate  the  power  to  guide  and  mould  the  teaching  talent 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  53 

of  our  Commonwealth.  Supported  you  shall  be,  by  the  gener- 
ous patronage  this  day  assured,  and  by  the  grand  army  of  our 
teachers,  who  welcome  you  as  new  workers  and  leaders  at  the 
head  of  their  laborious  columns.  New  courage  has  inspired 
them  as  step  by  step  of  this  great  enterprise  has  been  taken, 
and  the  cap-stone  of  our  labors  goes  to  its  place  with  universal 
rejoicings. 

For  the  Trustees,  the  appointed  guardians  of  this  noble 
undertaking,  for  the  school  officers  of  the  State,  whose  gener- 
ous services  give  tone  and  character  to  our  educational  work, 
for  the  people  of  Rhode  Island,  whom  I  humbly,  but  lovingly 
serve,  I  welcome  you  and  your  associates,  and  entrust  you  with 
the  high  commission  as  the  teacher  of  teachers.  The  keys 
I  now  place  in  your  hands  have  a  mystic  power.  By  them 
enter  not  only  this  building  to  your  daily  duties,  but  the 
homes  and  schools  all  over  our  State.  Your  influence  and 
labors,  through  these  students — your  representatives — shall 
extend  beyond  the  here  and  now,  into  the  future  history 
of  every  hamlet  and  household  within  our  borders. 

May  Heaven  shed  daily  richest  blessings  upon  the  officers, 
the  teachers  and  the  pupils,  present  and  future,  of  the  Rhode 
Island  Normal  School. 

Address  of  James  C.  Greenough,  Principal,  in 

Accepting  the  Keys. 

Mr.  Greenough,  in  accepting  the  keys,  responded  as  follows : 
Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Board  of  Education  and 
Trustees  of  the  State  Normal  School: 

In  receiving  these  keys  from  you,  at  the  hand  of  your 
Secretary,  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools,  I  accept  for 
myself  and  for  my  associate  teachers,  a  trust  second  in 
importance  to  no  other  which  you  can  impose. 


54  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

The  object  of  this  school,  to-day  opened,  is  to  fit  for  their 
work  those  who  are  to  teach  in  the  public  schools  of  Rhode 
Island.  So  far  as  this  object  shall  be  gained,  better  methods 
of  education  will  prevail,  the  ranks  of  skillful,  earnest  and 
enthusiastic  teachers  will  be  reinforced,  and  through  the  better 
education  of  those  who  gather  in  our  public  schools,  the  best 
interests  of  the  people  of  this  State  will  be  advanced.  No 
board  of  instructors,  however  varied  or  complete  their  talents, 
acquisitions  and  experience,  can  wisely  claim  that  they  are 
fully  adequate  to  the  great  work  of  forming  the  teachers  of 
our  public  schools;  but  in  behalf  of  those  whom  you  have 
called  to  this  work,  I  pledge  our  best  efforts.  Whatever  of 
knowledge  or  wisdom  we  have  garnered  in  the  past,  or  can 
gain  in  the  future,  we  will  devote  to  the  accomplishment  of 
the  object  for  which  this  school  is  established. 

We  feel  encouraged  and  strengthened  by  the  interest 
which  the  people  of  Rhode  Island  have  hitherto  shown  in  the 
work  of  public  instruction,  and  which  is  to-day  manifested  by 
this  gathering  of  youth  awaiting  admission,  by  this  concourse 
of  patrons  and  friends,  and  by  this  beautiful  study-hall  and 
other  rooms  so  conveniently  fitted  for  our  use. 

We  are  encouraged  by  the  cheering  words  that  you,  acting 
for  the  State,  and  you,  Sir,  acting  for  this  goodly  City,  have 
spoken.  We  are  strengthened  by  the  assurance  that  we 
shall  receive  the  sympathy  and  the  cordial  co-operation  of 
fellow-teachers,  and  of  the  friends  of  education  throughout 
the  State. 

But  there  remains  a  higher  source  of  encouragement  and 
strength.  He  who  has  guided  you  hitherto  in  this  enterprise, 
we  believe,  is  ready  to  add  his  blessing  to  every  honest  effort 
to  further  those  high  ends  for  which  this  school  has  been 


MRS.  LEONARD  TILLING  HAST. 

(NEE  BANCROFT). 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  55 

founded,  and  trusting  to  His  aid,  I  accept  these  keys,  and 
shall  endeavor  to  discharge  faithfully  the  duties  which  are 
implied. 

The  following  dedicatory  hymn,  written  for  the  occasion  was 
sung  by  the  whole  assembly : 

DEDICATORY     HYMN. 

In  every  rude,  unquarried  stone, 

Full  many  a  beauteous  image  lies; 
And  'tis  the  sculptor's  skill  alone 

Unveils  it  to  our  wondering  eyes. 

His  eye  discerns  its  latent  form, 

His  curious  chisel  carves  each  line; 
With  skillful  touch  and  purpose  warm, 

He  slowly  moulds  the  grand  design. 

In  ev'ry  rude  uncultured  mind, 

The  powers  of  thought,  immortal,  lie; 

The  patient  teacher  there  may  find 
Fit  image  for  eternity. 

His  touch  may  rouse  the  slumb'ring  powers, 

His  word  may  bid  the  image  rise ; 
Til,  beautiful  in  strength,  it  towers, 

To  bless  the  earth,  and  reach  the  skies. 

To-day,  our  State,  whose  boundary  falls 

Where  once  the  exiled  pilgrims  trod, 
Here  dedicates  these  temple  walls 

To  truth  and  learning,  and  to  God. 


56  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

Our  watchword   "Hope'' — with   ardor   new, 
We'll  strive  to  train  the  heart  and  hand 

Of  teachers  earnest,  faithful,  true, 
Who  shall  go  forth  to  bless  our  land. 

The  benediction  was  pronounced  by  Rev.  Mr.  Horton,  of 
Barrington,  and  the  exercises  were  over. 

A  short  time  was  spent  by  the  assembly  in  viewing  the 
various  rooms  of  the  school  building,  which  seem  to  be  ample 
and  admirably  fitted  for  their  new  purpose,  after  which  the 
applicants  for  admission  to  the  school  gathered  again  in 
Normal  Hall  for  examination.  There  were  nearly  two  hund- 
red applicants  for  this  honor,  some  of  whom  have  been  turned 
to  other  educational  institutions  by  the  fact  that  there  were 
accommodations  here  for  but  one  hundred,  so  only  about  one 
hundred  and  fifty  made  their  appearance  this  morning,  mostly 
females.  Those  having  High  School  diplomas  were  admitted 
without  examination.  The  remainder  were  examined  in 
accordance  with  the  circular  issued  by  the  Board  of  Trustees, 
and,  as  the  number  must  be  greatly  lessened,  the  grade  of 
admission  will  probably  be  higher  than  were  the  number  more 
proportionate  to  the  accommodations.  That  so  large  a 
number  of  Rhode  Island's  school  boys  and  girls  are  anxious 
to  secure  a  training  which  shall  fit  them  for  first-class  teachers, 
is  the  best  commentary  we  have  known  on  the  wisdom  of 
establishing  the  school.  It  is  expected  that  the  selection  will 
be  made  by  Friday  morning,  when  teachers  and  scholars  will 
commence  their  duties  proper,  and  then  the  Rhode  Island 
State  Normal  and  Training  School,  so  long  talked  of  and 
hoped  for,  will  be  in  the  full  tide  of  operation.  May  its 
success  equal  the  wishes  and  expectations  of  its  most  sanguine 
friends. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

Letters  and  Documents  Relative 
to  the  Founding  of  The  Rhode 
Island  Normal  School. 


The  following  letters  and  documents  relate  to  the  opinions 
of  persons  familiar  with  Mr.  Bicknell's  work  in  the  founding 
of  the  present  Normal  School,  and  its  subsequent  growth. 
They  were  secured  at  the  request  of  Rev.  Dr.  Woodbury,  to 
use  in  connection  with  the  dedication  of  the  Second  Normal 
building. 

George  W .  Greene,  the  Historian. 

Prof.  George  W.  Greene,  was  the  life-long  friend  of  the 
poet,  Henry  W.  Longfellow.  He  was  visiting  Mr.  Long- 
fellow at  his  historic  Cambridge  home,  when  this  letter  was 
written.  The  letter  is  in  the  handwriting  of  the  poet,  and 
signed  by  Prof.  Greene,  with  a  tremulous  hand. 

Prof.  Greene,  as  he  states,  was  chairman  of  the  Committee 
on  Education,  in  the  Rhode  Island  House  of  Representatives, 
and  steered  the  Normal  School  bill  to  its  enactment  as  a  law 
of  the  State. 

Cambridge,  Nov.  22,  1878. 
Dear  Mr.  Bicknell  :— 

I  should  have  called  upon  you  to-day,  but  the  storm  has 
prevented ;  and,  as  I  am  going  home  on  Monday  or  Tuesday. 
I  fear  I  shall  not  have  the  pleasure  of  seeing  you. 


58  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

The  nature  and  extent  of  your  services  in  founding  the 
Normal  School  of  Rhode  Island  cannot  be  overstated,  and 
may  be  told  in  a  single  sentence.  But  for  you  the  work 
would  never  have  been  done;  at  least,  not  for  many  years. 

There  were  formidable  prejudices  to  be  overcome,  and 
conflicting  opinions  to  be  reconciled.  As  Chairman  on  the 
Committee  of  Education,  I  had  every  opportunity  of  observ- 
ing the  zeal,  energy  and  good  judgment,  with  which  you 
carried  on  and  completed  your  work.  Rhode  Island  owes 
you  a  debt  of  gratitude,  and  your  name  will  always  be  associat- 
ed with  one  of  her  most  important  institutions. 
I  am,  Dear  Mr.  Bicknell, 

Yours  very  sincerely, 

George  W.  Greene. 


Dr.  Charles  H.  Fisher, 
Member  of  State  Board  of  Education. 
I  well  remember  how  indefatigably  you  worked  toward  the 
establishment  of  a  Board  of  Education,  and  a  State  Normal 
School.  Many  public  meetings  and  institutes  were  held, 
and  much  personal  work  was  done  among  the  members  of 
the  General  Assembly.  I  remember  visits  made  to  Normal 
Schools  in  Massachusetts,  and  New  York,  and  your  extreme 
satisfaction  and  jubilant  expression  upon  the  successful 
founding  and  work  of  the  school.  I  think  you  called  the 
establishment  of  the  school  the  crowning  glory  of  your 
ambition  in  School  work  in  Rhode  Island,  as  it  certainly  was. 
These  were  most  important  events  in  our  educational  history 
of  which  you  might — truthfully  say,  "Magna  pars  fui." 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  59 

Dr.  William  A.  Mowry, 

Principal  English  and  Classical  School,  Providence,  R.  I. 

While  I  was  not  familiar  with  the  details  of  the  State  work, 
I  knew  that  Mr.  Bicknell  was  the  efficient  Commissioner  of 
Public  Schools,  that  he  secured  the  legislation  establishing  the 
Board  of  Education  and  that  he  re-established  the  Rhode 
Island  Normal  School,  a  most  difficult  undertaking. 

Thomas  Wentivorth  Higginson, 
State  School  Historian. 

Dr.  Chapin  was  succeeded  in  June,  1869,  by  Thomas  XV. 
Bicknell,  as  Commissioner,  in  whose  reports  we  begin  at  once 
to  see  that  greater  thoroughness  and  method,  which  we  are 
now  accustomed  to  expect  in  such  documents.  For  the  first 
time,  in  connection  with  his  first  report,  every  town  in  the 
State  published  its  school  report  in  full.  The  various  points 
of  school  discipline,  absenteeism,  truancy,  normal  instruction, 
and  school  supervision  were  not  only  discussed  in  the  main 
document,  but  illustrated  from  the  local  experience  of  differ- 
ent towns.  Mr.  Bicknell  at  once  urged  the  creation  of  a 
State  Board  of  Education,  and  the  re-establishment  of  the 
Normal  School.  Both  these  measures  were  almost  immediate- 
ly carried:  the  former  in  1870,  and  the  latter,  in  1871.  From 
this  time  forth,  the  annual  reports  of  the  Board  of  Education 
have  accompanied  those  of  the  School  Commissioner. 

By  his  annual  reports  and  personal  efforts,  Mr.  Bicknell 
also  did  much,  as  to  procuring  liberal  legislation  on  public 
libraries,  as  to  the  extension  of  the  term  of  school  committees 
from  one  to  three  years,  and  as  to  the  legal  authorization  of  a 
school  superintendent  for  every  town. 


60  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

As  Providence  was  the  first  city  in  New  England  to  appoint 
(in  1838)  a  city  superintendent,  it  was  appropriate  that  the 
State  should  also  be  prominent  in  wise  legislation  on  this  point. 
Mr.  Bicknell  also  urged  the  appointment  on  school  committees 
of  a  reasonable  proportion  of  experienced  women,  mentioning 
one  town  in  the  State  where  the  committee  had  even  consisted 
of  women  only,  with  favorable  results.  He  collected  valuable 
data  as  to  evening  schools  from  different  towns  in  the  State. 
He  fearlessly  presented  the  facts  as  to  illiteracy  in  Rhode 
Island.* 


Founding  of  the  State  Normal  School  by  Thomas  B. 
Stockivell,  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools. 

In  1869,  Thomas  W.  Bicknell  was  appointed  Commissioner, 
and  the  six  years  of  his  administration  were  marked  by  a 
remarkable  degree  of  activity  in  all  educational  affairs. 
Almost  immediately  an  act  was  passed  creating  a  State  Board 
of  Education,  which  was  clothed  with  general  supervisory 
power  and  designated  to  unify  more  fully  all  the  educational 
forces  of  the  State.  There  had  been  an  attempt  in  Judge 
Potter's  time  to  establish  such  a  body,  but  it  failed,  and 
though  often  talked  of,  it  did  not  materialize  until  Mr. 
Bicknell  took  it  up  in  1869.  The  next  year  witnessed  the 
re-establishment  of  the  State  Normal  School ;  teachers' 
institutes  for  the  specific  instruction  of  teachers  in  methods  of 
teaching,  were  held  in  large  numbers,  each  year,  in  all  parts  of 
the  State. 

Life  and  energy  were  apparent  on  all  sides,  and  the  system 
struck  its  roots  deeper  and  deeper  into  the  affectations  and 


*  Report,  January,  1872,  pp.  34  to  69;  January,  1874,  p.  90. 


THOMAS  B.  STOCKWELL. 

COMMISSIONER    OF    PUBLIC    SCHOOLS 

1875-1906 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  61 

convictions  of  the  people.  Appropriations  commenced  to 
grow,  better  school  houses  began  to  appear,  teachers'  wages 
were  increased,  and  a  decided  advance  was  made  in  all 
directions. 

For  six  years  the  State  had  been  without  any  special 
facilities  for  the  training  of  teachers,  but  at  the  January 
session,  1871,  as  one  of  the  results  of  the  labor  of  Commis- 
sioner Bicknell,  a  bill  was  passed  organizing  a  Normal  School, 
and  liberal  appropriations  were  made  for  its  support.  The 
school  was  opened,  Sept.  6,  1871,  in  Providence,  in  what  had 
been  the  High  Street  Congregational  Meeting  house,  with 
James  C.  Greenough,  of  Westfield,  Mass.,  as  principal.  The 
school  at  once  commanded  the  attention  and  confidence  of 
the  community,  and  students  came  to  it  in  large  numbers.  It 
was  not  long  before  it  became  evident  that  larger  and  more 
complete  quarters  must  be  secured.* 


*  From  Cyclopedia  of  The  New  England  States,  Article  on 
Education  in  Rhode  Island,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  23,  98  et  seq.,  by  Thomas 
B.  Stockwell,  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

The  Three  Homes  of  the  Normal 

School. 


The  first  home  of  the  State  Normal  School  has  been 
located,  and  described.  The  size  of  the  student  body  at  the 
outset,  and  the  rapid  growth  of  the  school  far  surpassed  the 
most  sanguine  anticipations  of  its  friends,  and  not  many 
months  elapsed  before  it  was  evident  to  the  teachers,  and 
Trustees,  that  the  accommodations  at  High  street  (now  West- 
minster), were  too  narrow  for  the  greater  usefulness,  and 
success  of  the  school.  The  great  benefits  derived  from  the 
school  in  all  parts  of  the  State  had  made  its  success  and 
necessity  no  longer  doubtful,  and  it  was  decided,  by  the 
Trustees,  as  early  as  1873,  to  take  active  measures  for  its 
recognition,  as  one  of  the  permanent  institutions  of  the  State, 
by  securing  for  it  the  location,  and  conveniences  co-extensive 
with  its  needs  and  advantages. 

On  the  28th  of  January,  1875,  less  than  a  month  after  Mr. 
Bicknell  had  resigned  the  office  of  Commissioner  of  Public 
Schools,  a  joint  special  committee  of  the  General  Assembly 
was  appointed  to  ascertain  and  report  at  what  price  a  suitable 
location  for  the  State  Normal  School  could  be  obtained.  The 
estate  of  the  Providence  High  School,  on  Benefit  street,  was 
favorably  considered,  and  on  recommendation  of  the  com- 
mittee, the  General  Assembly  empowered  the  committee  to 
purchase  it,  at  a  cost  not  exceeding  $40,000,  this  sum  to 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  63 

cover  all  expenses  in  refitting  the  premises.  On  July  I,  1878, 
the  property  was  transferred  to  the  State  for  $30,000,  the 
reconstruction  was  at  once  entered  on,  and  on  the  23rd  day 
of  January,  1879,  the  new  building  was  dedicated,  with  appro- 
priate exercises.*  The  State  Normal  School  had  in  seven 
years  proved  to  the  people  its  great  value  as  an  educator  of 
teachers,  and  as  a  consequence  found  itself  provided  with  a 
fit  and  permanent  home. 

Rev.  Augustus  Woodbury,  of  Providence,  gave  an  historical 
address,  in  which  he  reviewed  the  history  of  the  growth  of 
the  Normal  idea  in  this  State.  At  that  date,  the  school  under 
Mr.  Greenough,  had  enrolled  five  hundred  and  eighty  students, 
two  hundred  and  one  of  whom  had  been  graduates  with 
diplomas. 

Gov.  Charles  C.  Van  Zandt,  President  of  the  Trustees,  de- 
clared that  the  Normal  School  had  ceased  to  be  an  experiment, 
and  had  become  a  permanent  institution  of  the  State.  Com- 
missioner Stockwell,  in  delivering  the  keys  to  Principal 
Greenough,  said  that  the  Normal  School  was  permanently  a 
centre  of  influences,  which  radiate  in  every  direction.  Mr. 
Greenough,  in  receiving  the  keys,  said  that  no  one  could  per- 
form the  service  of  principal,  as  perfectly  as  its  importance 
demands,  but  promised  to  the  best  of  his  ability,  to  discharge 
the  duties  imposed,  that  the  school  should  appropriately  sub- 
serve the  highest  interests  of  the  State. 

To  those  who  wish  a  more  detailed  statement  of  the  growth 
and  work  of  the  school  during  this  period,  or  of  its 
whole  career,  the  annual  reports  of  the  Board  of  Trustees, 
the  principals,  and  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools,  from 


*  Dedication  of  the  State  Normal  School  Building,  Providence,  R. 
I.,  1879.    Printed  by  order  of  the  General  Assembly. 


64  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

1871,  are  referred  to,  obtainable  at  the  Education  offices,  at  the 
State  House. 

Growth,  enlargement,  progress,  characterized  the  Normal 
School  in  its  second  home,  as  in  the  first.  Even  Mr. 
Greenough's  departure  from  the  principalship  in  1883, 
though  a  great  loss  to  the  school  and  the  work  of  education 
in  the  State,  did  not  permanently  affect  the  onward  and 
upward  movement.  A  normal  momentum  had  been 
established,  which  has  increased  with  accelerating  speed,  in 
harmony  with  the  general  progress  of  society  in  the  State, 
the  nation,  and  the  world. 

The  Board  of  Trustees  in  the  report  of  January,  1892,  urged 
new  accommodations.  They  said,  ''It  is  absolutely  impossible 
to  increase  the  size  of  the  school  while  it  stays  in  its  present 
quarters.  We  have  already  stretched  its  capacity  until  we 
have  been  obliged  to  refuse  admission  for  absolute  lack  of 
room."  "The  greatest  need  urged  was  room  for  a  series 
of  practice  schools,  covering  all  grades  below  the  high  school. 
This  feature  of  normal  work  was  urged  at  the  outset  of  the 
school,  but  it  was  laid  aside  for  want  of  room,  and 
the  unwillingness  of  the  Providence  authorities  to  assist.  The 
Trustees  urged  the  appointment  of  a  joint  committee  of  the 
General  Assembly  to  investigate  and  report  on  the  facts  at 
the  January  session  of  1892.  On  May  24,  1893,  a  commission 
was  created  by  the  General  Assembly,  and  authorized  to 
select  and  purchase  a  site  and  erect  thereon  a  building  for  the 
State  Normal  School."  The  members  of  this  commission 
were  the  trustees  of  the  Normal  School,  and  was  made  up  of 
the  following  gentlemen,  up  to  the  completion  of  the  building 
in  1898:  Governors  D.  Russell  Brown,  Charles  Warren  Lippitt 
and  Elisha  Dyer,  Lieut-Governors  Melville  Bull,  Edwin  R. 
Allen,  and  Aram  J.  Pothier  and  Messrs.  Dwight  R.  Adams, 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  65 

Samuel  H.  Cross,  John  E.  Kendrick,  J.  Howard  Manchester, 
Percy  D.  Smith,  Frank  E.  Thompson,  Thomas  B.  Stockwell, 
S.  W.  K.  Allen,  George  I.  Baker,  Rev.  C.  J.  White,  Frank 
Hill,  only  two  serving  for  the  whole  period,  Messrs.  Kendrick 
and  Stockwell.  The  commission  chose  as  a  building  com- 
mittee, Messrs.  Kendrick,  Cross  and  Smith.  The  land  of 
the  present  site  was  obtained  by  purchase  or  condemnation 
in  1894,  and  Messrs.  Martin  and  Hall,  of  Providence, 
architects,  presented  completed  plans  for  the  Normal  School 
building,  which  were  accepted.  The  construction  of  the 
building  was  awarded  to  N.  B.  Horton  &  Son,  of  Providence, 
and  work  was  begun  May  14,  1895.  The  grounds  were 
laid  out  by  Mr.  Frank  M.  Blaisdell,  landscape  architect,  of 
Boston,  Mass.  The  cost  of  land  and  grading  was  $181,696.84. 
The  cost  of  building,  furnishings,  etc.,  was  $359,043.00 ;  Total 
cost  $540,739.84.* 

The  new  State  Normal  School  building  was  dedicated 
with  appropriate  services,  Sept.  7,  1898,  at  which  the  valuable 
property  was  turned  over  to  the  State  by  Mr.  John  E.  Kendrick, 
chairman  of  the  building  committee.  Governor  Dyer  accepted 
the  keys  in  behalf  of  the  State  and  in  turn  passed  them  to 
to  Mr.  Stockwell,  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools, 
who  gave  a  brief  historical  address  on  the  Rhode  Island 
Normal  School.  The  dedicatory  address  was  made  by  Hon. 
William  A.  Harris,  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Education.  In 
opening,  he  said,  "If  the  nation  could  speak  through  my 
voice  to-day,  I  am  sure  it  would  utter  its  congratulations  to 
the  people  of  Rhode  Island,  on  the  completion  of  this,  the 
most  finished  piece  of  Normal  School  architecture  in  the 


*  .Report  of  the  Commission,  etc.,  May  session,  General  Assembly, 
1899. 


66  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

land."  "Happy  and  proud  State,  where  the  accumulation  of 
wealth  and  the  increase  of  the  productive  power  that  creates 
wealth  have  surpassed  the  standard  of  all  the  other  common- 
wealths of  this  great  republic." 

It  is  just  to  say  that  the  present  home  of  the  Rhode  Island 
Normal  School  is  a  fit  residence  for  the  noble  work,  and 
workers  for  which  it  stands.  No  grander  or  more  apprecia- 
tive monument  could  be  erected  to  honor  the  ideals  of  the 
founders.  The  Normal  School  commission,  not  only  honored 
itself  in  the  choice  of  location,  and  in  the  art,  architecture  and 
appointments  of  the  building,  but  in  the  conscious  recognition 
of  the  great  end  in  view,  the  education  of  the  people  through 
the  common  school.  They  seem  to  have  wrought  under  the 
"Great  Taskmaster's  eye."  The  tout  ensemble  is  a  splendid 
tribute  to  Henry  Barnard,  the  first  apostle  of  normal 
teaching  in  Rhode  Island,  to  Samuel  S.  Greene,  the  first  normal 
teacher,  to  Elisha  R.  Potter,  the  father  of  the  first  State 
Normal  School,  1854-1865,  and  later  for  him  who  wrought 
his  heart  and  life  into  the  foundations  of  the  great  institution 
this  beautiful  edifice  houses.  It  is  enough  to  say,  that  the 
reward  of  all  good  work  for  man  or  for  the  State  lies  in 
Tennyson's,  "Far  off  divine  event  toward  which  the  whole 


*  Rhode  Island  School  Report,  1898. 


ARTHUR   W.  BROWN, 

FIRST    PRESIDENT   OF   THE   ALUMNI    ASSOCIATION 

AND 
CHAIRMAN    OF    EXECUTIVE   COMMITTEE 

OF 
FORTIETH   ANNIVERSARY. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Fortieth  Anniversary  of  the  Found- 
ing of  The  Rhode  Island  Normal 
School. 


AN  INTRODUCTORY  STORY  BY  E.  A.  NO  YES. 

The  story  of  the  plan  fittingly  to  commemorate  the  fortieth 
anniversary  of  the  re-establishment,  in  Providence,  of  the 
Rhode  Island  State  Normal  School  need  not  be  a  long  one. 

As  the  result  of  a  conference  between  Arthur  W.  Brown 
and  Thomas  W.  Bicknell,  and  the  publication  in  the  Providence 
Journal  of  an  interview  with  the  latter,  a  meeting  of  graduates 
was  called  to  consider  the  matter. 

This  meeting  was  held  on  Saturday,  April  first,  at  Mr. 
Brown's  office.  He  was  elected  chairman,  with  Mrs.  Elisha 
Greene  as  secretary.  It  was  the  sense  of  the  meeting  that 
some  fitting  observance  of  the  opening  of  the  school  should  be 
held,  and  that  September  sixth,  the  fortieth  anniversary  of  that 
occasion,  would  be  the  appropriate  date  for  such  observance. 

Arthur  W.  Brown,  Lester  A.  Freeman,  Mrs.  George 
Thurber  Brown,  Miss  Gertrude  Arnold,  and  Mrs.  Ira  N.  Goff, 
all  of  the  first  class  to  be  graduated,  were  requested  to  select  a 
general  committee  of  arrangements,  and  to  report  thereon  at 
a  meeting  of  the  Alumni  to  be  held  at  the  call  of  the  Chair 
through  the  public  press. 


68  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

Such  a  meeting  was  held  at  the  Normal  School  a  week 
later,  when  in  accordance  with  a  report  of  the  committee  on 
nominations,  an  executive  committee  was  chosen  to  arrange 
for  the  proposed  commemoration.  This  committee  finally 
stood  as  follows :  Chairman,  A.  W.  Brown,  '72 ;  Secretary, 
E.  A.  Noyes,  '78;  Treasurer,  Mrs.  W.  F.  Kenney,  '72;  other 
members  of  the  committee  were,  Gertrude  E.  Arnold,  '72 ; 
John  H.  Bailey,  '82;  Mrs.  Esek  Case,  '74;  Mrs.  S.  Gushing,  '85  ; 
Franklin  R.  Cushman,  '87;  Ida  M.  Gardner,  '74;  Cornelia  M. 
Goff,  '74;  Eudora  E.  Joslin,  '84;  Mrs.  R.  W.  Knight,  '73; 
Etta  V.  Leighton,  '96;  Mrs.  J.  J.  Lonsdale,  '72;  Estella  C. 
Macdonald,  '99;  Mrs.  George  E.  Manchester,  '73;  Mrs.  E.  D. 
McGuiness,  '76;  Mrs.  W.  H.  White,  '73. 

Hon.  Thomas  W.  Bicknell,  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools 
of  Rhode  Island,  1869  to  1875,  was  chosen  Honorary  Chair- 
man. 

At  an  adjourned  meeting  of  the  graduates,  held  at  the 
Normal  School  on  Saturday,  April  22nd,  the  following  were 
appointed  Vice-Presidents,  the  name  of  Mrs.  Pearl  M. 
Remington,  '94,  standing  first.  Others  alphabetically 
arranged,  included,  Valentine  Almy,  '90 ;  Mabel  C.  Bragg,  '89 ; 
Edith  E.  Burdick,  '02;  Ida  M.  Carpenter,  '02;  Deborah  R. 
Conley,  '09 ;  Lester  A.  Freeman,  '72 ;  Bertha  A.  Hamlet,  '88 ; 
and  Mrs.  Benjamin  P.  Tabor,  '74.  Jeanette  A.  McLaren,  '94, 
was  requested  to  act  as  corresponding  secretary. 

Three  meetings  of  the  graduate  body  were  held.  At  the 
last  of  these,  held  on  May  22nd,  it  was  voted  to  leave  matters 
entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  executive  committee,  and  an 
adjournment  was  taken  to  the  call  of  the  chair. 

Plans  for  the  celebration  provided  for  a  morning  session, 
devoted  to  historical  and  other  addresses;  a  dinner  at  noon, 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  69 

and  a  reunion  of  former  principals,  teachers,  graduates  and 
students  in  the  afternoon. 

In  the  development  of  these  plans  various  sub-committees 
worked  together  efficiently  and  harmoniously. 

Early  in  June  a  circular  letter  was  prepared,  embodying  a 
tentative  program  and  inviting  all  teachers  and  students  of  the 
school,  whether  graduates  or  not,  with  their  husbands  or  wives, 
and  school  committees,  superintendents  and  teachers  of  the 
State. 

Responses  came  in  gratifying  numbers,  and  an  unusually 
strong  program  was  developed  as  follows: 


PROGRAM 

MORNING. 
Devotional  Exercises  Rev.  G.  L.  Locke 

Words  of  Welcome  His  Honor,  Mayor  Henry  E.  Fletcher 

His  Excellency,  Governor  Aram  J.  Pothier 
Response  Principal  John  E.  Alger 

'The  Significance  of  the  Normal  School,"       Walter  E.  Ranger 
Music  Mrs.  Alice  G.  E.  Vose,   Conductor 

Historical  Address  Gilbert  E.  Whittemore 

"The  Future  of  the  Normal  School,"       Thomas  W.  Bicknell 

Comr.  in  1871 

Brief  Addresses,  Pres.  Ellen  Fitz  Pendleton,  of  Wellesley 

Pres.  Mary  E.  Wroolley,  of  Mt.  Holyoke 
"The  Development  of  the  Woman  Teacher," 

Miss  Sarah  E.  Doyle 

"The  Normal  School  as  a  Factor  in  Woman's  Advancement," 

Mrs.  Richard  Jackson  Barker 

"Forty  Years  Ago,"  Frederick  W.  Tilton 

Dinner  and  Social  Hour  in  the  Gymnasium  at  noon. 


70  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

AFTERNOON. 

Opening  Address,  Secretary   Ranger 

Symposium,  James  C.  Greenough,  Principal  in  1871, 

Mrs.  Susan  C.  (Bancroft)  Tillinghast  and  Mrs.  Mary  L. 
(Jewett)  Taylor,  of  his  Corps  of  Assistants,  and  other 
Principals  and  Teachers  or  their  Representatives. 
Auld  Lang  Syne. 

Sept.  6,  1911. 


On  the  morning  of  the  observance,  a  pouring  rain  and  other 
conditions  compelled  a  modification  of  the  program  given  to 
the  printer  the  afternoon  previous.  Urgent  official  duties 
prevented  the  attendance  of  the  Mayor  and  the  Governor; 
Presidents  Pendleton  and  Woolley  were  delayed  in  Europe 
by  the  strike,  and  a  note  from  Miss  Doyle  excused  her  because 
of  the  storm. 

The  morning  program,  Mr.  Brown  presiding,  was  opened 
with  devotional  exercises  conducted  by  Rev.  J.  S.  Wadsworth, 
D.  D.,  and  a  hymn  was  sung  with  Mrs.  Alice  G.  E.  Vose,  '74> 
at  the  piano. 

A  greeting  from  Principal  Alger  was  followed  by  addresses 
by  Mr.  Ranger,  Mr.  Whittemore,  Mr.  Bicknell,  Mrs.  Barker 
and  the  Rev.  G.  E.  Locke,  D.  D.  These,  together  with  the 
remarks  of  the  afternoon  gathering,  are  printed  elsewhere 
in  this  volume. 

During  the  noon  hour,  a  dinner,  served  in  the  school 
gymnasium  under  the  direction  of  Mrs.  Lonsdale  and  her 
associates  of  the  committee  on  entertainment,  afforded  a  wel- 
come opportunity  for  the  renewal  of  old  friendships. 

The  afternoon  exercises  were  opened  by  W.  W.  Andrews, 
Assistant  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools,  who  spoke  on 


E.  A.  NOYES, 

SECRETARY   OF   EXECUTIVE   COMMITTEE 

ON 

FORTIETH   ANNIVERSARY  OF   R.   I.   NORMAL  SCHOOL 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  71 

"The   Heritage  of   Four  Decades."       The  principal   address 
was  delivered  by  Mr.  Greenough. 

Mrs.  Taylor  and  Miss  Gardner  made  a  few  remarks  and 
letters  were  read  from  former  principal  Chapin  and  Miss 
Harriette  N.  Miller,  teacher  of  elocution  in  the  first  days  of 
the  school.  A  telegram  from  Jennie  Tucker  Baker,  '87,  now 
of  Elmonte,  California,  breathed  the  spirit  which  animates  the 
entire  student  body.  It  read  *  *  *  *  "For  instruction  re- 
ceived, I  owe  much;  for  close  friendship  with  faculty  and 
student  body,  I  owe  more;  but  to  the  years  of  service  for 
which  both  fitted  me,  I  owe  most." 

Out  of  forty  years  in  the  life  of  the  school,  classes  of  thirty- 
four  different  years  were  represented  in  the  more  than  two 
hundred  graduates  present  at  the  reunion.  The  class  originat- 
ing the  plan  to  observe  the  anniversary,  that  of  January,  1872, 
easily  led,  fifty  per  cent,  of  its  twenty  living  members  being 
present. 

The  exercises  in  commemoration  of  the  fortieth  anniversary, 
particularly  of  its  closing  session,  will  linger  long  in  the 
memory,  and  the  closing  prayer  by  Mr.  Greenough  will  remain 
in  our  hearts  as  the  benediction  of  a  father  upon  his  children. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee  held  on  September  16th, 
the  following  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted : — Resolved, 
"That  we  endorse  the  proposition  as  outlined  in  Mr.  BicknelPs 
address,  to  make  of  the  Rhode  Island  Normal  School,  a  Normal 
College,  with  all  the  conditions  accompanying  such  change." 

Etta  V.  Leighton,  Gertrude  E.  Arnold,  Mrs.  J.  F.  Lonsdale, 
E.  A.  Noyes  and  Mrs.  W.  F.  Kenney  wrere  appointed  a 
committee  "to  confer  with  the  Principal  of  the  Normal  School, 
its  Board  of  Trustees,  and  others,  with  a  view  of  taking  such 
action  as  shall  bring  about  such  change." 


72  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

Mr.  Bicknell,  who  was  present  by  invitation,  suggested  that 
a  good  history  of  the  school  would  meet  a  popular  demand, 
inasmuch  as  nearly  all  its  records  are  practically  inaccessible  to 
the  public.  This  suggestion  received  the  hearty  concurrence 
of  the  committee.  Upon  his  agreeing  to  assume  the  entire 
responsibility  of  the  project,  financially  and  otherwise,  he  was 
invited  to  issue  such  a  history,  which  shall  embody  the  names 
of  all  its  teachers  and  students,  so  far  as  obtainable,  together 
with  the  proceedings  of  the  observance  of  the  fortieth  anniver- 
sary. 


PRINCIPAL  ALGER'S  WELCOME. 

Mr.  Alger  spoke  briefly,  welcoming  the  alumni,  not  only  to 
this  event,  but  to  all  the  public  functions  of  the  school.  He 
said  that  the  school  authorities  had  realized  from  the  first 
that  this  occasion  was  wholly  in  the  charge  of  the  committees 
of  the  alumni,  and  had  kept  their  hands  off.  He  expressed 
his  pleasure,  which  he  said  was  a  rare  one  under  such  circum- 
stances, at  being  able  to  attend  in  his  own  school  such  a 
meeting,  with  the  planning  of  which  he  had  had  nothing 
whatever  to  do.  After  referring  to  the  growth  of  the  school 
and  to  the  care  that  must  be  taken  of  its  records,  he  exhibited 
a  most  valuable  handwritten  history  of  the  school  from  its 
beginnings,  illustrated  with  numerous  photographs,  which  he 
placed  in  the  library  in  order  that  all  might  examine  it  at  their 
leisure.  Who  had  written  this  out  so  carefully,  he  stated,  had 
not  yet  been  discovered,  but,  whoever  it  was  deserved  our 
thanks.  Any  who  might  have  other  photographs  to  add  to  the 
collection  were  urged  to  bring  them  to  the  school  in  order  that 
they  might  be  preserved  with  the  others  in  this  book. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  73 

AN  HISTORICAL  REVIEW. 
By  Gilbert  E.  Whittemore. 

I  began  teaching  school  in  this  State,  in  December,  1865,  and 
continued  in  that  work  until  the  year  following  the  establish- 
ment of  this  Normal  School,  when  I  left  the  service  on  account 
of  the  inadequate  salary  paid  teachers.  During  the  last  half  of 
the  seven  years  of  my  teaching  occurred  the  most  remarkable 
revival  of  interest  in  public  schools  that  this  State  ever  experi- 
enced, and  which  was  marked  by  the  establishment  of  more 
important  institutions,  and  by  greater  educational  progress  in 
that  short  time  than  has  ever  marked  any  twenty  years  since 
then.  The  public  were  aroused  to  intense  interest  in  school 
matters,  appropriations  were  increased  and  salaries  raised, 
over  one  hundred  new  school  houses  replaced  old  buildings 
that  had  done  duty  for  generations,  supervision  was  authorized 
in  every  town,  the  tenure  of  office  for  school  committees  was 
increased  to  three  years,  a  State  Board  of  Education  was 
established,  and  as  a  fitting  crown  to  the  work,  this  State 
Normal  School  was  launched  upon  a  stable  basis,  insuring  its 
growth  and  permanency. 

The  question  has  been  asked,  "Who  were  the  persons  in  at 
the  birth  of  this  Normal  School?  Who  were  the  men  who 
planned  and  carried  out  the  necessary  measures  to  its  establish- 
ment?" I  think  it  fair  that  these  questions  should  be 
answered.  As  I  look  back  over  these  forty  years,  I  discern 
four  men,  among  educators,  who  were  in  the  inner  circle  of 
these  workers  for  educational  progress,  and  I  do  not  think  my 
memory  plays  me  false,  for  three  of  us  were  in  almost  daily 
conference  at  that  time,  and  came  to  know  each  other 
intimately  and  well,  and  the  fourth  was  frequently  in  our 
councils. 


74  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

The  first  was  a  Newport  educator,  an  able  teacher,  a  correct 
thinker  in  educational  matters;  a  man  who  could  create  and 
direct  public  sentiment,  and  who  rendered  great  service  in  the 
sister  capitol,  and  in  many  towns  and  cities  of  our  State — Mr. 
F.  W.  Tilton,  of  Newport. 

The  second  was  a  young  grammar  master,  successful  in  his 
work,  ardent  in  everything  he  did,  associate  editor  of  the  Rhode 
Island  Schoolmaster,  and  a  frequent  writer  on  matters  of 
education  for  the  daily  press,  a  leader  with  classes  from  his 
school  in  teachers'  institutes,  an  organizer,  an  expert  parlia- 
mentarian and  debater,  who  was  of  especial  service  in  draft- 
ing and  aiding  in  their  adoption  by  the  legislatures  of  those 
laws  only  upon  which  could  the  newly  established  institutions 
securely  stand. 

The  third  was  a  teacher  in  the  Providence  high  school, 
associate  editor  of  the  Rhode  Island  Schoolmaster,  a  man  who 
could  successfully  solve  educational  problems,  a  man  who 
gained  the  confidence  of  all  with  whom  he  came  in  contact,  an 
embodiment  of  many  virtues  which  in  an  intimate  acquaintance- 
ship of  thirty  years  I  never  found  wanting,  a  man  who  in  after 
years  did  good  service  as  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools, 
winning  the  respect  and  esteem  of  every  teacher  in  the  State, 
Hon.  Thomas  B.  Stockwell. 

The  fourth  was  our  leader,  a  giant  physically  and  intellect- 
ually, whose  mind  conceived  the  things  that  ought  to  be  done 
and  whose  persuasive  eloquence  advocated  them;  a  man  so 
full  of  zeal  and  courage  that  he  inspired  all  he  enlisted  into 
the  service  to  work  to  the  uttermost ;  a  man  so  optimistic  that 
failure  was  never  thought  of;  a  man  endowed  with  a 
persistance  and  energy  I  have  never  seen  excelled.  If  any 
man  has  the  right  to  the  title  of  Founder  of  the  Rhode 
Island  Normal  School,  it  is  the  man  of  whom  I  am  now 


THOMAS    W.    BICKNELL. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  75 

speaking,  the  then  recently  appointed  Commissioner  of  Public 
Schools — the  then  unquestioned  leader  of  the  educational 
forces  of  the  State— Hon.  Thomas  W.  Bicknell. 

Although  successes  followed  each  other  with  marvelous 
rapidity  and  certainty,  it  was  not  all  without  difficulties  and 
obstacles  that  this  great  work  was  accomplished.  Some 
Providence  educators  proposed  sidetracking  the  Normal 
School  into  a  normal  department  of  the  Providence  High 
School,  and  it  was  only  after  this  school  had  achieved  a  com- 
manding position  in  the  training  of  teachers  that  the  educators 
of  Providence  came  to  fully  utilize  its  great  advantages. 


THE  FUTURE  OF   THE  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL 

SCHOOL. 
By  Thomas  W.  Bicknell. 

"Whatever  you  would  have  appear  in  the  life  of  a  nation, 
you  must  put  into  the  schools,"  is  a  Prussian  maxim  which 
led  to  the  founding  of  German  Normal  Schools,  in  the 
eighteenth  century. 

We  may  add  another  maxim  equally  true.  Whatever  you 
would  put  into  the  schools,  you  must  first  put  into  the  teachers, 
through  the  agencies,  which  prepare  them  for  their  work. 

Seventy-two  years  ago  there  was  but  one  State  Normal 
School  in  the  United  States.  Horace  Mann  was  its  founder. 
It  was  located  at  Lexington,  Mass.,  and  was  supported  in  part 
by  private  and  by  part  by  public  funds.  It  had  three 
teachers  and  began  with  three  students.  The  annual  cost 
of  its  maintenance  was  less  than  $5,000. 

To-day  there  are  264  public  and  private  Normal  Schools 
in  the  United  States,  with  more  than  88,000  normal  students, 


76  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

under  the  instruction  of  4,000  teachers,  graduating  15,430 
students  annually,  and  costing  for  their  maintenance  approxi- 
mately $9,500,000. 

The  public  Normal  School  properties  in  funds,  buildings, 
grounds,  apparatus,  libraries,  etc.,  exceed  $36,000,00;  of  this 
vast  figure,  Rhode  Island  has  $550,000,  Massachusetts, 
$2,600,000,  New  York,  $3,530,000,  Pennsylvania,  $4,396,000. 
In  number  of  schools,  Massachusetts  has  n,  New  England,  26, 
New  York,  18,  Pennsylvania,  17,  and  Wisconsin,  15;  all  other 
states  and  territories  except  Alaska,  have  one  or  more. 

The  enormous  size  of  our  national  educational  budget,  is 
$4OI>397>747>  against  about  $100,000,000,  in  1871,  when  the 
Rhode  Island  Normal  School  was  founded.  We  employ 
506,463  teachers,  108,300  of  whom  are  men  and  398,153 
women.  Of  this  grand  total,  it  is  estimated  that  about  one 
half  have  received  some  normal  instruction. 

The  estimated  value  of  public  school  property  is  one  billion 
dollars. 

The  average  length  of  the  annual  school  term  in  days,  is 
J55  or  31  weeks.  In  the  North  Atlantic  district,  it  is  180 
days  or  36  weeks.  The  average  attendance  of  children 
between  5  and  18  years  is  81  days,  with  102,  in  the  North 
Atlantic. 

Valuable  Results. 

Normal  schools  have  accomplished  valuable  results 
educationally,  some  of  which  we  may  mention. 

1.  They  have  established  higher  standards  of  instruction 
for  our  common  schools  than  existed  before. 

2.  They  have  increased  the  academic  knowledge  of  teachers 
by   courses   of   study,   which   have   not   only   emphasized   the 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  77 

common  branches  of  public  school  instruction,  but  have  also 
widened  the  area  of  the  teacher's  curriculum  of  preparatory 
studies. 

3.  They     have    improved    the     methods     of     instruction, 
especially  in  the  primary  grades,  and  have  made  the  teacher 
a  real  teacher  and  the  pupil  a  real  student  and  thinker. 

4.  The  professional  standing  of  the  teacher  has  been  vastly 
elevated  by  the  normal  school.       Salaries  have  been  advanced 
fourfold,  the  school  year  has  been  lengthened,  school  houses, 
text-books,   apparatus,   and     all     school   material   have   been 
immensely  improved. 

5.  By  educational  induction,  the  whole  system  of  instruc- 
tion has  been  elevated  with  certain  exceptions,  and  the  whole 
teaching   force   of   the   country,   numbering   in   the   common 
schools  almost  half  a  million  of  persons,  has  been  made  better, 
intellectually,  morally,  and  professionally. 

These  facts  and  figures  as  to  Normal  Schools  in  the 
United  States,  establish  these  important  positions: 

First:  It  is  a  recognized  and  permanent  form  of  public 
instruction  for  professional  teaching. 

Second:  The  State  is  under  an  assumed  obligation  to 
educate  all  teachers  for  all  public  schools. 

Third:  The  Normal  School  or  college,  sets  the  standard 
of  all  public  school  instruction  and  determines  its  efficiency  and 
value. 

The  normal  idea  has  had  a  remarkable  growth  and  a  more 
remarkable  evolution.  The  growth  is  illustrated  in  part  by  the 
figures  already  stated.  Its  evolution  is  shown  in  the  courses 
of  study,  and  the  breadth  of  the  training  involved.  The 
germinal  idea  of  the  Normal  School  was  mainly  professional. 
Mr.  Mann's  school  was  started  on  that  basis,  and  Normal 


78  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

schools  continued  on  that  line  of  work  for  many  years,  mark- 
ing time  on  lines  of  methods,  with  some  hints  of  the  philosophy 
and  psychology  of  school  keeping.  It  will  always  hold  its 
professional  standards  and  values. 

Normal  work,  however,  for  the  last  two  decades  has 
advanced  more  rapidly  and  more  philosophically,  than  any 
other  form  of  education.  While  the  colleges  have  enlarged 
their  curricula,  they  have  not  strengthened  the  bases  by  clearer 
philosophic  methods  or  by  the  deeper  understanding  of 
psychological  growth,  and  the  best  training  of  the  student-body. 
As  between  a  four  years'  course  at  college,  and  the  same  period 
at  a  first-class  Normal  School,  the  later  is  to  be  preferred  on 
most  grounds.  The  college  student  crams  his  mathematics, 
his  rhetoric  and  his  history,  and  ponies  his  classics  as  did  his 
grandfather  before  him,  and  graduates  from  the  university 
with  a  more  practical  knowledge  of  the  work  of  the  "college 
nine,"  and  of  his  fraternity,  than  of  the  sciences,  the 
philosophies,  the  mathematics,  or  the  languages  that  swell  the 
college  prospectuses.  While  the  higher  education  has  looked 
askance  at  Normal  training,  it  must  now  acknowledge  that  in 
the  race  for  practical  results,  year  for  year,  topic  by  topic, 
the  school  has  won  the  laurels  of  successful  competitorship, 
with  heavy  odds  and  handicaps  against  it. 

The  Rhode  Island  Normal  School. 

It  is  my  purpose  in  this  address  to  set  forth  some  of  the 
lines  along  which  Normal  Schools  must  and  will  move  in  the 
near  future  towards  the  ideals  which  their  friends  of  public 
education  desire  to  see  attained.  It  is  the  forward  look  that 
I  shall  take  in  this  address.  Nevertheless,  I  should  do 
injustice  to  the  Rhode  Island  Normal  School  of  to-day,  if  I 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  79 

did  not  congratulate  its  business  management  and  teaching 
corps  upon  its  splendid  present ;  with  a  finely  appointed  home, 
an  excellent  teaching  corps,  and  a  body  of  students,  zealous 
to  qualify  themselves  for  the  superior  work  of  teaching.  Nor 
can  I  forget  the  able  men  and  women  who  have  administered 
instruction  and  discipline  here  for  four  decades.  To  name 
one  would  be  an  invidious  distinction  in  a  long  catalogue  of 
faithful  normal  teachers.  Their  names  are  gratefully  held  in 
trust  by  their  pupils.  A  good  pupil  never  forgets  a  good 
teacher.  Each  lives  in  the  other. 

The  high  standard  of  our  Normal  School  was  set  by  the 
first  Principal,  Mr.  James  C.  Greenough,  and  his  fortunate, 
yea  more,  his  wise  choice  of  assistants  in  Miss  Susan  C. 
Bancroft,  now  Mrs.  Leonard  Tillinghast,  and  Miss  Mary  L. 
Jewett,  now  Mrs.  Charles  F.  Taylor,  with  specialists  in  some 
departments. 

I  doubt  if  any  school  in  any  State,  was  ever  established 
under  more  competent  and  more  popular  instructors.  To 
these  should  be  added  the  name  of  Miss  Sarah  Marble,  now 
Mrs.  J.  H.  Shedd,  who  occupied  a  high  position,  and  exercised 
a  strong  and  healthy  influence  in  the  school  for  more  than 
30  years,  beginning  with  the  first  year  of  Mr.  Greenough's 
administration. 

To  many  Rhode  Islanders  of  1871,  the  State  Normal  School 
was  only  an  experiment.  There  was  no  settled  conviction  that 
the  school  would  outlast  a  decade,  and  become  a  permanent 
part  of  our  State  system.  Its  origin  was  traced  to  a  young 
enthusiast,  whose  dreams  had  far  exceeded  all  possible  work- 
ing realities.  The  fate  of  a  former  experiment  at  Providence 
and  another  at  Bristol,  overshadowed  the  future  of  the  new 
school,  at  Providence.  The  Commissioner  was  told  by  more 
than  one  influential  legislator,  that  he  voted  for  the  Normal 


8o  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

bill  and  the  appropriation  of  $10,000,  more  out  of  regard  for 
the  views  and  earnest  pleas  of  the  Commissioner  of  Public 
Schools,  than  for  his  faith  in  the  success  of  the  enterprise. 

When  the  history  of  the  founding  of  the  Rhode  Island 
Normal  School  shall  be  fairly  and  faithfully  told,  it  will  give 
due  credit  to  many  persons,  not  now  recognized  or  even 
known,  as  most  valuable  friends  and  helpers.  When  friends 
were  few,  and  general  apathy  held  sway  in  all  parts  of  the 
State,  with  organized  opposition  in  some  influential  quarters. 
I  cannot,  however,  wait  the  advent  of  the  historian  to  record 
the  names  of  three  men,  who  were  true  and  noble  supporters, 
not  only  of  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools,  but  of  the 
normal  idea,  and  gave  to  it  their  constant  and  undivided 
support.  They  were  Hon.  Seth  Padelford,  Governor  of  the 
State,  from  1869  to  1873,  Hon.  George  Washington  Greene, 
the  distinguished  historian,  then  a  Representative  in  the 
General  Assembly  from  the  town  of  East  Greenwich, 
and  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Education,  in  the  House, 
and  Hon.  E.  L.  Freeman,  a  Senator  from  the  City  of  Central 
Falls,  an  influential  politician,  and  a  practical  business  man. 

The  official  buttress  of  the  inchoate  school  was  the  State 
Board  of  Education,  created  by  an  act,  which  passed  the 
General  Assembly,  February,  1870,  on  recommendation  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Public  Schools.  This  Board  was  made 
the  trustee  of  the  State  Normal  School,  on  the  adoption  of  the 
Normal  School  bill,  in  1871. 

The  Normal  School  campaign  was  on  from  June,  1869, 
increasing  in  force  from  month  to  month,  until  March  15, 
1871,  when  the  Act  to  establish  a  State  Normal  School,  in 
Rhode  Island,  became  a  law,  with  an  appropriation  of  $10,000 
for  its  annual  support,  and  $1,500  for  mileage  travel,  to 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  81 

equalize  so  far  as  possible,  the  privileges  of  the  school,  to 
all  candidates  for  teaching,  in  all  parts  of  the  State. 

The  Normal  School  was  opened  on  Sept.  6,  1871,  at  Normal 
Hall,  High  street  (now  Westminster  street),  Providence,  with 
three  teachers  and  106  students,  150  young  men  and  women 
taking  the  examination.  The  fortieth  anniversary  of  this 
event  we  commemorate  to-day,  Sept.  6,  1911. 

During  this  period  of  a  generation  of  men,  the  school  has 
had  seven  principals :  James  C.  Greenough,  Thomas  J.  Morgan, 
George  A.  Littlefield,  William  E.  Wilson,  Fred  Gowing, 
Charles  S.  Chapin,  John  L.  Alger. 

It  has  enrolled  over  3,000  students,  of  whom  2,058  have 
received  graduating  diplomas. 

A  Normal  College. 

This  of  the  past.— What  of  the  future?  First:  The  time 
has  come  to  place  the  Normal  School  on  its  proper  base,  as  a 
professional  school  for  the  most  numerous  and  most  influential 
profession  in  the  United  States.  Its  heavy  handicap  must  be 
removed,  and  its  organization  must  be  established,  as  the  plan 
of  other  professional  institutions  of  the  State  and  country. 

The  first  change,  is  that  of  its  name. 

The  name  Normal  School,  should  be  changed  to  that  of 
Normal  College.  Nomenclature — the  true  naming  of  an 
institution — is  as  important  to  its  success,  as  is  that  of  a  person, 
a  corporation,  or  a  State. 

Twenty  young  ladies  graduate  with  equal  diplomas,  from 
a  High  School.  A  majority  of  the  number  will  enter  a 
Women's  College,  and  the  minority,  a  Normal  School,  when 
all  may  be  bent  on  teaching.  The  name  school,  is  primary 
to  that  of  college,  and  the  diploma  of  the  college  is  more 
significant  and  valuable,  as  a  pecuniary,  moral  and 


82  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

educational  asset  than  the  certificate  of  the  Normal  School. 
The  one  has  a  recognized  value  in  the  intellectual  world  far  in 
excess  of  the  other.  Two  ladies  present  themselves  as  candi- 
dates for  assistants  in  a  city  high  school,  salary  $1,200,  one 
has  a  diploma  of  Pembroke  or  Wellesley,  the  other  a  diploma 
of  the  Rhode  Island  Normal  School.  Other  things 
being  equal,  the  college  girl  gets  the  position,  and  the  Normal 
girl  must  fall  back  to  a  lower  position  and  salary.  This  is 
the  rule. 

Change  the  name  of  our  Normal  School  to  Normal  College 
and  you  place  it,  nominally,  on  the  same  plane  as  other  colleges ; 
and  of  a  truth  the  teaching  fraternity  has  a  right  to  all 
the  advantages  that  an  underpaid  profession  can  possibly  be 
entitled  to  or  that  the  governing  powers  can  bestow. 

It  follows,  of  course,  that  the  titles  of  the  normal  teachers 
shall  correspond  with  those  of  the  regular  college ;  a  matter  of 
great  importance,  in  that  it  establishes  a  rank  above  the  titles 
of  the  regular  common-school  teachers,  whom  they  prepare  for 
their  work. 

The  principal  of  the  Normal  College  will  be  President,  and 
the  teachers  will  be  Professors,  as  their  characters,  abilities  and 
qualifications  should  entitle  them  to  be  called.  These  titles 
not  only  give  an  increased  dignity  to  the  teacher  and  his 
calling,  but  they  also  place  him  on  an  equality  in  rank  with 
his  brother  on  the  hill,  at  Brown  or  Pembroke. 

Another  gain  would  occur  to  the  normal  teacher: — an' 
increase  in  salary  in  proportion  to  the  character  of  the  work 
to  be  done,  and  the  rank  of  the  professorship  filled.  To 
student  and  professor  alike  would  come  the  increased  feeling 
of  importance  of  the  work  of  teaching,  its  greater  significance 
and  value  in  the  attitude  of  the  State. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  83 

Normal  College  Curriculum. 

Important  as  are  the  titular  matters,  the  vital  concern  on 
which  these  rest  is  the  curriculum — the  course  of  studies 
which  the  Normal  College  should  present  to  the  future 
teachers  of  Rhode  Island.  The  time  has  arrived  when  the 
Rhode  Island  Normal  School  should  cease  to  do  preparatory 
work.  At  the  outset  of  the  Normal  School,  it  was  supposed 
to  be  its  function  to  methodize  common  school  studies.  The 
Normal  School  graduate  was  considered  fairly  well  equipped 
for  beginning  the  work  of  a  teacher,  if  the  course  of  study 
and  practice  had  included  a  thorough  review  of  the  elementary 
school  branches,  with  painstaking  practice  in  the  methods  of 
teaching  them.  A  little  time  was  devoted  to  the  completion 
of  high  school  studies,  child  psychology,  school  hygienics, 
school  organization,  and  management.  The  teacher  was 
specially  well  equipped  if  she  had  been  able  to  devote  a  year's 
work  to  advanced  psychology,  the  philosophy  of  education, 
advanced  pedagogy,  and  a  study  of  educational  problems. 

To-day,  matters  are  wholly  changed,  so  much  so  that  the 
average  graduate  of  twenty  years  ago,  would  be  only  qualified 
to  enter  the  lower  grades  of  the  first-class  schools  in  the 
country.  While  the  requirements  for  admission  vary  widely, 
three  general  functions  are  now  required  in  all  first  grade 
Normal  Schools,  cultural,  professional,  and  vocational.  In 
the  early  day,  the  emphasise  was  on  the  professional  side. 
To-day  the  tendencies  are  cultural  and  vocational,  and  this 
important  change  happily  originated  from  the  demands  of  the 
students  and  the  people. 

According  to  U.  S.  Commissioner  Brown,  in  his  report  on 
Normal  Schools  for  1910,  the  leading  Normal  schools  of  our 
country  may  point  to  three  important  guideposts  of  advance- 
ment: (i)  They  require  for  admission  the  completion  of  a 


84  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

four-year  high  school  course  or  its  equivalent;  (2)  they  offer 
four-year  degree  courses,  cultural  and  vocational,  as  well  as 
professional,  parallel  to  regular  college  courses;  (3)  they 
provide  for  specialization  in  manual  arts,  domestic  economy, 
agriculture,  and  the  natural  sciences.  The  increasing  demand 
for  teachers  of  special  subjects  has  made  this  necessary.  Of 
the  196  State  Normal  Schools,  150  offer  opportunities  for  such 
specialization  in  manual  arts,  domestic  economy,  etc.,  above 
named. 

Cultural  Studies. 

The  modern  reaction  in  the  highest  educational  circles 
towards  cultural  studies  is  one  of  the  most  significant  signs  of 
a  saner  student  life.  Of  colleges,  Harvard,  under  President 
Lowell  and  Amherst  under  President  Harris,  in  New  England, 
are  taking  the  firm  stand  for  more  fixed  cultural  studies  and 
a  narrower  circle  of  electives.  The  teaching  profession  must 
build  on  the  sure  foundations  of  philosophy,  the  classics, 
history,  science,  and  mathematics  if  it  would  build  surely  and 
permanently.  And  it  is  delightfully  encouraging  to  know 
that  the  demand  for  more  thorough  standards  in  the  essentials 
of  a  liberal  education  springs  from  the  teaching  fraternity 
itself. 

Professor  James,  in  his  first  chapter  on  the  problems  of 
philosophy,  says,  "Philosophy,  indeed,  in  one  sense  of  the 
term  is  only  a  compendious  name  for  the  spirit  in  education, 
which  the  word  "college"  stands  for  in  America.  Things 
can  be  taught  in  a  dry,  dogmatic  way,  or  in  a  philosophic  way. 
At  a  technical  school  a  man  may  grow  into  a  first-rate  in- 
strument for  doing  a  certain  job,  but  he  may  miss  all  the 
graciousness  of  mind  suggested  by  the  term,  liberal  culture. 
He  may  remain  a  cad,  and  not  a  gentleman,  intellectually 
pinned  down  to  his  one  narrow  subject,  literal,  unable  to 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  85 

suppose  anything  different  from  what  he  has  seen,  without 
imagination,  atmosphere  or  mental  perspective/' 

Still  more  he  calls  philosophy,  or  liberal  culture,  the  parent 
of  four  different  human  interests,  science,  poetry,  religion  and 
logic. 

It  is  felt  that  cultural  studies  fit  for  the  best  work,  give 
power,  efficiency  and  high  enjoyment  in  it,  and  as  an  added 
compensation,  better  pecuniary  rewards. 
Vocational  Work. 

The  demand  for  teachers  in  specialized  and  vocational  work 
is  increasing,  year  by  year.  Commissioner  Brown  states 
that  trained  teachers  in  domestic  economy  are  needed,  and 
that  there  is  a  crying  need  for  teachers  of  agriculture  in  the 
secondary  schools.  He  urges  that  at  least  one  teacher  in 
each  public  high  school  should  be  qualified  to  give  instruction 
in  agriculture,  and  the  natural  sciences,  so  closely  related.  In 
the  specialization  of  vocational  work  in  teaching,  the  Normal 
Schools  of  the  Middle  West  have  a  long  lead  over  our  older 
New  England  schools. 

As  an  illustration,  I  cite  the  State  Normal  at  Greely, 
Colorado ;  under  manual  arts  are  taught  tool  work,  sheet  metal 
work,  Venetian  iron  work,  wood  carving,  staining  and  finish- 
ing; under  domestic  economy  are,  cooking,  sewing,  dress- 
making, art  needlework,  house  furnishings  and  decorations; 
under  agriculture  are,  nature  study,  school  gardening,  outdoor 
art,  elementary  agriculture ;  under  sciences  are,  botany,  zoology, 
physics,  chemistry  and  physiography. 

In  our  State,  a  State  of  artists  and  artisans,  the  value  of 
vocational  schools  and  of  vocational  training  to  the  teacher 
manifests  itself  in  many  ways.  These  schools  will  not  make 
finished  workmen  of  the  pupils,  but  will,  direct  their  mental 
activities;  will  interest  them  in  things  industrial;  will  teach 


86  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

them  to  think  in  terms  of  things,  in  processes  of  work,  and  to 
interpret  plans  and  drawings.  It  will  hold  in  the  school,  the 
pupils  not  easily  held  by  books,  to  the  end  that  the  manual 
training  obtained,  if  given  intelligently,  will  be  a  direct  begin- 
ning in  acquiring  a  trade  or  vocation.  Pupils  are  conscious  of 
powers,  passions  and  tasks,  which  the  schools  do  not  recognize. 
They  long  to  grasp  things  with  their  own  hands,  to  test  the 
strength  of  materials,  and  the  magnitude  of  forces.  A 
Darius  Green,  with  his  embryo  flying  machine  in  his  brain 
may  be  found  in  every  school,  and  the  teacher  with  vocational 
as  well  as  cultural  training  may  be  the  discoverer  of  genius  to 
itself,  and  of  the  fitness  and  qualification  of  the  pupils  for  his 
special  life  work. 

Normal  College  Degrees. 

At  the  completion  of  a  Normal  College  course  of  four 
years,  based  on  a  thorough  High  School  preparation,  in  which 
the  Normal  student  has  become  indoctrinated  in  liberal, 
vocational  and  professional  studies,  degrees  should  be  con- 
ferred, corresponding  to  those  for  regular  college  quadrennial 
graduates.  It  is  easy  to  see  that  a  Normal  College  graduate 
with  the  usual  title  of  A.  B.,  a  most  fitting  title  for  the  course 
of  study  pursued,  would  enjoy  many  and  great  advantages  over 
the  present  graduates. 

Maturity  in  years,  increased  physical  development,  higher 
culture,  superior  insight  to  comprehend  the  problems  of  child 
culture,  leadership  growing  out  of  self-conscious  power, 
organizing  ability,  social  and  intellectual  rank,  and  larger 
compensation  are  among  them.  Teachers  would  cost  more, 
they  would  be  worth  more. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  87 

Supplementary  Courses. 

In  order  that  the  teachers  may  not  lose  the  stimulus  of 
progress,  and  emulation,  the  Normal  College  will  add  to  its 
curricula  supplementary  special  courses,  the  value  of  which 
will  be  credited  to  the  student,  by  an  added  degree  of  A.  M. 
or  some  other  title. 

Our  highest  grades  of  teachers  and  "supervisors  now  study 
abroad  in  France,  Germany  or  England,  and  this  is  an  expen- 
sive plan,  as  well  as  one  that  reflects  on  our  American 
professional  institutions,  as  compared  with  European  condi- 
tions. 

Germany,  with  its  system  of  public  instruction  based  on 
military  and  monarchical  principles  is  not  the  best  school  for 
the  educators  of  a  democracy,  in  a  republic.  The  idealism  of 
William  of  Berlin,  is  not  comparable  with  that  of  William 
of  Washington,  and  idealism  is  the  perfection  of  educational 
growth. 

Training  For  School  Supervision. 

The  last  twenty-five  years  and  more,  notably  the  last  ten, 
have  witnessed  the  growth  of  a  new  department  of  skilled 
educational  work,  to  wit,  local  supervision  of  public  schools. 
While  State  and  country  supervision  has  been  widely  recog- 
nized, it  now  remains  to  fulfill  the  educational  system  by  a 
more  detailed  and  closer  relationship  of  the  superintendent  to 
the  individual  teacher  and  school.  The  importance  of  this 
intimate  contact  and  oversight  few  can  estimate  at  its  real 
value.  In  business  affairs,  supervision  is  the  governor  with 
capital  as  power ;  in  education,  supervision  is  the  balance  wheel 
with  knowledge  as  the  main-spring.  I  do  not  need  to  tell 
this  audience  of  educated  men  and  women  that  the  supervisor 
should  possess  education,  experience  and  organizing  ability  in 
excess  of  those  of  the  teachers  he  is  set  to  superintend  and  a 


88  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

knowledge  of  school  systems  and  the  philosophy  of  education, 
superior  to  that  of  his  ward;  otherwise  both  the  teacher  and 
taught  fail  to  receive  the  full  measure  of  profit  the  school 
should  offer. 

It  is  evident  that  the  Superintendent  should  be  a  normally 
educated  man  along  several  well  recognized  special  lines. 

Let  me  mention  pedagogy,  psychology,  philosophy,  school 
organization,  discipline,  vocational  work,  school  hygienics, 
school  architecture,  and  school  finances.  For  this  training, 
the  Normal  School  of  the  future  will  offer  a  two  years'  course 
in  addition  to  the  regular  course  of  four  years.  The  superin- 
tendent of  the  future  will  hold  the  degree  of  A.  B.,  as  a 
quadrennial  Normal  graduate.  He  will  have  had  at  least  five 
years  successful  teaching  experience,  and  later  or  earlier, 
two  years  of  superintendent  training. 

As  an  equivalent  of  one  of  these  two  years  a  year  of  foreign 
travel  for  school  inspection  may  be  substituted.  This  train- 
ing would  give  us  a  class  of  men  and  women  competent  to 
handle  our  public  schools,  and  towards  this  standard  we  are 
rapidly  moving. 

New  York  has  just  established  a  system  of  district  super- 
vision, worthy  of  note.  The  State  has  48  City  Superintend- 
ents, and  281  village  and  district -supervisors.  Each  district 
supervisor  has  a  territory  of  about  140  square  miles,  contain- 
ing an  average  of  125  teachers,  and  receiving  a  minimum 
salary  of  $15,000. 

Massachusetts  has  189  Superintendents,  each  having  an 
average  district  area  of  43  square  miles,  with  80  teachers. 

There  are  now  about  1,500  city,  county  and  district  Superin- 
tendents in  the  United  States  with  salaries  varying  from 
$400  to  $10,000 — the  latter  sum  being  paid  to  W.  H. 
Maxwell,  of  New  York  and  Mrs.  Ella  Flagg  Young,  of 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  89 

Chicago.      The  average  Superintendent's  salary  is  about  $2,000 
in  the  United  States. 

The  Outcome. 

With  the  qualifications  I  have  named  possessed  by  the 
candidate,  supervison  would  become  at  once  the  most  lucrative 
and  the  most  attractive  post  in  the  teaching  profession. 
The  day  is  not  far  off  when  our  State  Normal  School  will 
welcome  to  a  scholarly  course,  the  aspirants  for  the  higher 
positions,  honors  and  emoluments  of  the  teaching  profession, 
and  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  our  grammar  and  high 
school  principals  will  be  normal  as  well  as  college  graduates, 
and  when  our  State,  city  and  district  Superintendents  shall 
have  passed  the  third  degree  of  the  mystic  shrine. 

I  have  endeavored  to  show  the  steps  by  which  the  present 
Normal  School  is  to  attain  for  itself  and  the  students  graduat- 
ing from  it  the  high  position  to  which  they  are  entitled  and 
the  enhanced  influence  and  excellence  attending  and  resulting 
from  their  work.  Until  these  important  and  somewhat 
radical  changes  are  made,  the  Normal  School  is  in  the  position 
of  the  uniformed  soldier,  marking  time,  without  advancing  to 
the  battle  line. 

When  the  Normal  College  shall  have  reached  the  place  and 
work  I  have  assigned  to  it,  several  valuable  results  will  follow. 
Let  me  name  a  few.  The  President  will  be  an  associate 
member  of  the  State  Board  of  Education,  and  its  educational 
advisor.  The  State  system  will  be  a  part  of  the  recognized 
work  of  adjustment  of  the  Normal  College.  The  Normal 
faculty  will  be  made  a  State  Council,  acting  in  conjunction 
with  State,  city  and  district  or  town  Superintendents  as  to 
salaries,  course  of  study,  text-books,  school  literature,  school 
periods,  vocational  schools,  etc.  The  fountain  will  then  de- 
termine and  direct  the  flow  of  the  streams,  issuing  therefrom. 


90  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

The  Normal  Faculty  will  be  an  integral  part  of  a  national 
and  an  international  Normal  University  in  which  shall  be 
studied  and  formulated  the  deeper  and  broader  principles  of 
state,  national  and  international  systems  and  relations.  This 
great  and  wide  Republic  of  sound  pedagogic  wise  men,  scien- 
tific experts  in  education,  will  then  come  to  command  the 
attention  of  the  world,  as  the  conservators  of  government, 
and  of  social,  industrial  and  civic  life.  The  teacher  will  then 
have  entered  his  own  province  of  intellectual  and  moral 
force  in  the  making  of  man  and  society  and  in  the  advance 
of  civilization,  the  world  over. 

There  remains  a  declaration  of  a  few  basis  educational 
principles  and  I  am  done.  It  underlies  all  I  have  said,  and  all 
that  educators  in  Rhode  Island,  the  United  States,  England, 
Germany,  the  world  over  are  hoping  to  accomplish. 

A 

Education  is  the  unfolding  and  developing  of  full  manhood, 
physical,  industrial,  intellectual,  spiritual;  and  manhood,  is 
the  basis  of  citizenship. 

B 

That  the  child  is  capable  of  development  into  independent 
manhood  and  citizenship,  is,  of  itself,  conclusive  evidence  of 
the  child's  right  to  such  education. 

C 

Every  child,  born  into  American  citizenship,  has  the  indi- 
vidual right  to  such  an  education  as  will  fit  him  to  fulfill  most 
completely  the  duties  and  obligations  of  manhood  and  citizen- 
ship, and  to  secure  the  child  in  the  enjoyment  of  this  right, 
the  entire  resources  of  the  State  are  an  absolute  and  a  sacred 
trust. 


MRS.  RICHARD  JACKSON  BARKER, 

CHAIRMAN    OF   SCHOOL    BOARD 
TIVERTON,    R.    I. 


RHODE  ISLAND   NORMAL  SCHOOL.  91 

D 

As  it  is  the  imperative  duty  and  paramount  interest  of  the 
State  to  provide  an  adequate  education  for  all  its  citizens, 
it  is  the  duty  as  well  as  the  right  of  the  State  to  see  that  the 
necessary  education,  thus  provided,  be  fully  and  universally 
enjoyed. 

E 

As  the  education  of  the  child  is  the  chief  function  of  the 
State,  the  education  of  the  teacher  of  the  child  must  include 
as  well  as  exceed  all  that  is  embraced  in  child  education,  to 
the  end  that  the  teacher  may  become  the  most  potent  factor 
in  upbuilding  a  more  honorable  State  through  a  better  edu- 
cated citizenship.  The  normal  ideal  for  teaching  includes  a 
liberal  culture,  professional  training  and  vocational  studies 
and  practice,  enriched  by  all  the  resources  of  sound  learning, 
and  wisdom,  the  growth  of  knowledge,  experience  and  obser- 
vation. On  these  principles  the  normal  educated  men  and 
women  of  Rhode  Island  should  stand  committed  as  the  sheet 
anchor  of  their  Faith  and  Labors. 


THE  NORMAL  SCHOOL  AS  A  FACTOR  IN  WOMEN'S 

ADVANCEMENT. 
Mrs.  Richard  Jackson  Barker. 

The  President,  Mr.  Brown,  then  introduced  in  compli- 
mentary and  felicitous  terms,  Mrs.  Richard  Jackson  Barker, 
Chairman  of  the  Tiverton  School  Committee,  stating  that 
Mrs.  Barker  was  not  only  an  active  officer  now,  but  had  held 
the  office  for  sixteen  consecutive  years  and  had  been  in  close 
touch  with  the  Normal  School  by  experience  and  inheritance 
for  a  longer  period  than  her  official  life,  as  she  would  tell  the 


92  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

audience  in  giving  a  reminiscent  view  to  her  address,  which 
would  deal  with  what  education  has  done  to  advance  woman. 

Like  Mr.  Bicknell,  Mrs.  Barker  was  greeted  and  interrupted 
by  applause.  After  addressing  the  chair,  the  Commissioner 
and  the  ex-Commissioner,  she  said: 

I  might  well  begin  my  remarks  by  saying  that  this  notable 
occasion  thoroughly  demonstrates  what  education  has  done 
to  advance  woman.  I  could  most  appropriately  say  that  edu- 
cation for  women  has  made  college  presidents  and  that  the 
State  of  Rhode  Island  can  rest  upon  her  laurels  along  these 
lines.  I  could  dwell  upon  the  lives  of  Miss  Sarah  E.  Doyle, 
Miss  Mary  E.  Woolley  and  the  new  President  of  Wellesley 
and  what  they  have  done  through  education  for  the  advance- 
ment and  betterment  of  the  conditions  of  woman.  But  I 
must  pass  to  the  educated  woman  of  every-day  life,  who  has 
not  attained  the  great  heights  of  distinction  that  these  women 
have. 

This  is  an  anniversary  of  reminiscences  in  a  certain  sense. 
Those  of  us  who  have  arrived  at  an  age  when  our  memories 
go  backward  into  vital  decades,  find  this  occasion  full  of  rec- 
ollections of  people  and  events  that  many  who  are  present  can 
only  recall  by  traditions.  To  me  has  been  allotted  the  pleasant 
duty  of  telling  in  a  general  reminiscent  way  something  of 
this  school  and  what  education  has  done  to  advance  woman 
during  these  past  forty  years. 

As  I  turn  to  my  left  and  see  my  friend,  the  Honorable 
Thomas  W.  Bicknell  in  the  full  vigor  of  perennial  youth,  it 
seems  but  a  short  time  ago  that  I,  as  a  very  little  girl,  expe- 
rienced the  great  honor  of  meeting  the  worthy  gentleman, 
regarded  as  a  veritable  giant  in  the  educational  world  of  my 
girlhood. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  93 

A  School  Committee  of  Women. 

Way  back  in  the  late  6o's  and  early  70*5  of  the  eighteen 
hundreds  there  was  a  little  group  of  three  educated  women 
in  the  town  of  Tiverton  who  felt  that  the  time  had  come  for 
women  to  take  an  active  interest  in  school  affairs.  These 
good,  gentle  ladies  so  moulded  unconsciously  the  opinion  of 
the  intelligent  men  in  their  community  that  they  were  elected 
as  "The  Honorable  School  Committee  of  the  Town  of  Tiv- 
erton." Mark  you,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  this  was  the  first 
great  step  forward  for  the  advancement  of  woman  upon 
school  boards  in  this  country  and  it  was  based  entirely  upon 
intellectual  ability.  One  of  that  School  Committee  was  my 
own  mother,  of  sainted  memory.  Mrs.  Lawton  graduated 
from  the  Warren  Female  Seminary,  that  well  known  seat  of 
learning  that  flourished  under  the  late  Asa  Messer  Gammell 
about  the  first  quarter  of  the  last  century;  another  of  that 
Board  was  Mrs.  Barker,  who  became  my  mother-in-law, 
educated  at  the  venerable  and  time  honored  Friends'  School, 
while  the  third  member,  Miss  Brown,  was  thoroughly 
equipped  for  the  new  work  at  Prof.  Henry  Fay's  Private 
School  in  Newport. 

What  That  Committee  Did. 

After  a  hard  fought  election  at  a  Town  Meeting  where 
every  voter  was  on  hand  to  line  up  as  "for  or  against  the 
women,"  they  entered  upon  their  duties,  elected  by  one  major- 
ity. This  was  the  first  School  Commission  in  the  United 
States  comprised  of  women.  They  were  on  trial  all  over  the 
country.  It  was  a  strange  innovation  in  the  eyes  of  many. 
The  press  took  it  up  and  editorials  appeared  in  many  promi- 
nent newspapers  of  the  day.  Some  were  favorable,  others 
doubtful,  a  few  semi-sneered  and  one  printed  a  cartoon  that 
grieved  and  mortified  those  women  of  by-gone  days ;  but  they 


94  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

never  faltered;  they  realized  upon  their  shoulders  was  placed 
the  burden  of  being  pioneers.  Commendation  and  honor  and 
blame  came  to  them  and  all  along  they  held  to  their  unalter- 
able purpose  to  raise  the  standard  of  the  Tiverton  schools, 
to  secure  better  teachers  and  up-to-date  text-books.  Nor  did 
that  little  band  of  committee  women  stop  there.  They  wanted 
better  school  buildings,  school  houses  with  better  ventilation 
and  in  more  attractive  environments.  They  did  not  talk  of 
germs  and  microbes;  those  terms  were  not  fashionable  then. 
Those  women  plead  for  sanitary  measures.  They  met  many 
difficulties,  problems  in  that  typical,  conservative  New  Eng- 
land town.  Often  I,  as  a  very  little  girl,  would  overhear 
them  talking  in  my  mother's  home  and  some  of  these  times 
I  knew  instinctively,  that  they  were  well-nigh  discouraged, 
and  then  one  or  the  other  would  say,  "we  will  talk  it  over 
with  the  School  Commissioner,"  and  the  tone  used  seemed 
to  imply  that  that  Commissioner  was  a  veritable  Moses  to  lead 
them  to  victory,  and  this  leads  back  to  the  beginning  of  my 
acquaintance  with  the  Honorable  Thomas  W.  Bicknell.  He 
was  the  Commissioner  who  helped  those  three  women  do  their 
duty  in  those  trying  times.  He  was  the  authority  that  women 
were  eligible  to  serve  as  School  Committee  in  Rhode  Island 
and  that  they  could  be  elected  at  a  town  meeting  by  the  elec- 
tors in  Tiverton.  I  do  not  know  which  was  the  most  proud 
of  the  result,  Commissioner  Bicknell  or  those  women  and 
their  friends,  that  this  State  had  gone  on  record  the  first  in 
the  Union  for  this  action  of  the  electors.  Unsparing  of  him- 
self, he  went  at  almost  a  minute's  notice  at  the  call,  rode  on 
those  dreadful  roads,  in  all  weathers,  when  they  condemned 
school  houses  and  changed  boundary  lines,  supporting  them 
fearlessly  against  angry  voters  who  did  not  .want  too  many 
changes,  openly  rebelling  against  too  much  progress.  It  was 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  95 

Thomas  W.  Bicknell  who  watched  over  and  guided  that  first 
School  Board  of  women  in  the  United  States  and  made  it 
easy  for  women  elsewhere  to  serve  in  a  like  capacity. 
Their  Influence. 

Some  twenty  years  after,  when  the  great  city  of  Chicago 
took  up  the  movement,  who  shall  say  that  the  seed  was  not 
planted  by  those  three  women,  Mrs.  Lawton,  Mrs.  Barker  and 
Miss  Brown  in  the  town  of  Tiverton,  Rhode  Island?  Who 
shall  dare  say  that  the  influence  of  that  Nestor  of  Education, 
Thomas  W.  Bicknell,  was  not  felt  in  a  far  away  state? 

Forty  years!  It  is  a  long  way  back.  Since  those  women 
were  elected  there  have  been  rapid  strides  in  the  advance- 
ment of  women  through  education.  To-day  one  of  our  large 
cities  has  a  wonderful  woman  Superintendent  of  Schools. 
To-day  women  hold  chairs  in  colleges,  minister  to  the  sick  as 
skilled  physicians.  Through  their  legal  knowledge  women 
draw  up  wills  and  plead  successfully.  We  have  an  instance 
of  this  in  our  own  State.  So  far  as  is  known  Miss  Mary  Anne 
Greene  is  the  only  woman  who  has  appeared  before  the  full 
Bench. 

Women  at  the  Front. 

In  the  present  century  woman  enters  into  nearly  all  the 
avenues  for  breadwinning  that  formerly  her  brother  used  to 
control.  Always  during  these  forty  years  woman  has  grasped 
every  opportunity  to  better  her  conditions  through  education. 
She  has  trained  herself  at  normal  schools  and  colleges  to 
teach.  She  has  seized  every  invention  for  her  advancement. 
To-day  we  find  her  as  an  expert  accountant,  stenographer,  tel- 
egrapher, in  charge  of  telephone  exchanges,  managers  of 
various  kinds  of  business,  and  in  every  walk  of  life  she  is 
giving  of  her  intellect  and  preparation  for  the  advancement 
of  other  women.  With  all  she  has  accomplished  it  has  not 


96  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

marred  her  character  or  weakened  her  in  the  greatest  of  all 
places  for  woman — the  home.  She  is  a  more  intelligent 
wife,  a  better  mother  because  her  mind  has  been  more  thor- 
oughly trained.'  In  all  great  reforms  she  has  stood  bravely  to 
the  front.  She  has  safeguarded  her  babies  by  her  stern  cry 
for  better  milk.  When  the  country  was  aroused  for  pure 
food  it  was  that  magnificent  body  of  women's  clubs  all  over 
the  broad  land  which  was  the  power  behind  the  throne  of 
public  opinion.  When  medical  inspection  in  the  public 
schools  was  first  brought  forward  it  was  the  mother's  influ- 
ence brought  to  bear  upon  officials. 

Forty  Years  of  Normal  Work. 

What  about  this  very  school  whose  honorable  life  we  are 
now  gathered  together  to  celebrate?  Forty  years  ago  Provi- 
dence did  not  care  very  much  for  a  Normal  School.  This 
city  did  not  realize  its  need.  It  was  a  woman,  my  own  mother 
Mrs.  Lawton,  who  said  fearlessly,  "the  City  of  Providence 
may  be  able  to  do  good  work  without  such  a  training-ground, 
but  the  town  of  Tiverton  realizes  the  necessity  of  such  an 
institution  and  so  does  every  country  town.  We,  the  wives 
and  mothers,  want  better  fitted  teachers  for  our  boys  and 
girls."  Mark  you,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  it  was  the  country 
towns  that  rallied  to  the  support  of  the  Rhode  Island  State 
Normal  School,  and  this  reorganized  Normal  School  can  well 
be  termed  a  monument  to  Thomas  W.  Bicknell.  It  was  he 
who  founded  the  State  Normal  School,  who  secured  the 
appropriation  from  the  Legislature  to  run  it,  and  it  was  his 
influence  with  the  country  towns  that  in  the  main  secured  the 
attendance,  and  so  to-day  we  hail  and  congratulate  him. 

This  fortieth  anniversary  is  full  of  recollection.  I  recall  the 
name  of  Morgan  who  stood  firm  for  the  advancement  of  the 
Normal  School  (applause),  the  name  of  Littlefield  and  the 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  97 

inspiration  of  the  man  (applause)  ;  and  one  other  rises  in  my 
memory,  one  who  loved  and  worked  for  this  building,  Thomas 
B.  Stockwell  (applause).  We  are  fortunate  in  having  with 
us  to-day  Commissioner  Bicknell  who  started  the  plan  and  Mr. 
Greenough  the  first  principal  (applause),  but  we  miss  that 
calm  presence  of  the  noble  Thomas  B.  Stockwell,  who  was  with 
us  when  this  stately  building  was  thrown  open  to  the  public. 
No  doubt  there  are  others  present  who  received  the  same 
warm  pressure  of  the  hand  and  heard  these  words :  "It  is  a 
magnificent  building  and  we  have  come  into  our  own  home," 
but  because  looking  we  are  looking  backward,  I  give  you 
Mr.  Stockwell's  greeting  to  me. 

Three  Commissioners  of  Education  have  watched  over  this 
Normal  School  and  made  this  occasion  possible.  Our  pres- 
ent Commissioner,  the  Honorable  Walter  E.  Ranger,  is  the 
last  of  the  great  trio.  We  all  know  how  ably  he  has  succeeded 
our  loved  Mr.  Stockwell.  Under  his  care,  with  the  scholarly 
principal  Prof.  Alger,  the  Rhode  Island  Normal  School  will 
reach  even  a  higher  standing  than  is  now  generally  ac- 
corded it. 


THE  HERITAGE  OF  FOUR  DECADES. 
William    IT.    Andrews,    Assistant    Commissioner    of    Public 

Schools. 

We  are  together  this  afternoon  to  honor  the  completion 
of  forty  years  of  successful  effort  of  the  school  at  the  head  of 
the  public  school  system.  The  life  of  the  present  day  in  all 
its  phases  in  conducted  through  organization.  Society, 
industry,  and  education  are  organized  into  systems  through 
which  the  individual  works  to  obtain  the  things  which  he 
desires.  Perhaps  one  of  the  most  formal  divisions  of  human 
activity  occurs  in  the  field  of  education.  We  have  the 


98  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

system — with  its  kindergarten,  elementary,  secondary,  normal, 
collegiate  and  university  groups.  I  believe  that  this  formal 
separation  leads  us  many  times  to  believe  that  education  has 
been  wholly  given  over  to  the  organized  forms  for  carrying 
it  out;  that  when  these  are  successfully  completed,  education 
stops',  and  we  have  as  a  product  of  their  activities,  an  educated 
man ;  then  the  real  work  of  life  begins.  This  is  not  true, 
because  it  contradicts  the  physical  facts  of  our  make-up. 
Define  education  in  any  terms  that  are  true  and  the  fact  still 
remains  that  education  in  itself  is  not  an  activity  of  which  the 
schools  are  an  absolutely  necessary  part.  In  other  words, 
define  it  as  you  will,  education  is  a  continuous  living  process, 
the  result  of  which  is  an  individual  continually  progressing  in 
the  art  of  best  living,  the  school  during  one  stage  of  his 
career  being  one  of  the  many  means  to  that  end. 

And  the  schools  for  this  particular  stage  form  the  most 
desirable  means  for  the  educative  process.  In  them,  the 
pupil  acquires  the  implements  which  the  life  process  needs  to 
be  successful.  Let  us  see  what  this  equipment  is  and  of 
what  this  later  intellectual  life  consists.  Of  course  he  learns  to 
read.  But  reading  in  itself  is  valueless;  it  is  only  as  the 
individual  uses  it  for  his  greater  ends  that  it  becomes  a  source 
of  profit  and  enjoyment.  He  should  not  cease  to  read  upon 
leaving  school.  From  the  training  received  there,  "there 
should  result  a  taste  for  interesting  and  improving  reading 
which  should  direct  and  inspire  all  subsequent  life." 

Of  course,  he  learns  to  write,  but  he  ought  not  to  stop  writing 
upon  leaving  school.  As  the  complexities  of  life  multiply, 
through  its  true  use,  he  enters  into  the  relations  of  business 
and  friendship,  keeping  alive  all  that  is  good  and  true  in  our 
dealings  one  with  another.  By  it,  individual  solitude  to  him 
will  become  unknown,  for  at  any  time  he  can  communicate 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  99 

with  his  fellow  beings,  expressing  his  success  and  failure,  his 
joys  and  sorrows,  to  receive  in  return  the  benefits  which  come 
from  mutual  human  companionship. 

Of  course,  he  studies  history,  and  learns  to  reconstruct 
the  life  of  other  times  and  other  peoples.  But  that  recon- 
struction will  be  valueless  to  him  unless  he  uses  it  later 
to  recognize  the  common  essential  virtues  which  underlie 
differences  of  race,  nationality,  condition  and  development; 
to  regulate  the  present  through  a  knowledge  of  the  mistakes 
of  the  past. 

I  might  further  enumerate  the  subjects  in  our  curriculum, 
showing  how  the  modern  school  seeks  not  only  the  intellectual, 
but  the  moral  and  physical  development  of  the  child  as  well; 
but  it  is  unnecessary  that  I  should  do  so. 

That  the  youth  of  our  State  may  enter  into  the  heritage  of 
the  past,  that  they  may  properly  equip  themselves  for  the 
duties  of  citizen  and  parent,  the  State  has  established  its 
schools  and  placed  at  their  head  the  greatest  of  all  schools, 
the  laboratory  in  which  is  trained  one  element  of  success,  the 
teacher.  The  Rhode  Island  Normal  School  trains  teachers, 
and  through  them  it  has  in  its  control  the  future  history  of  the 
State.  No  institution  of  society  can  possibly  have  a  greater 
or  more  important  function.  And  in  its  performance  of  this 
function,  the  people  of  this  State  have  always  taken  the  greatest 
pride.  In  the  past,  it  has  always  ''turned  a  keen,  untroubled 
face,  home  to  the  instant  need  of  things,"  thus  in  the  future 
may  it  always  do. 


ioo  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

THE  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL; 

ITS  TRIALS  AND  TRIUMPHS. 

By  James  C.  Gre  enough. 

To-day  we  gladly  commemorate  a  great  event — the  found- 
ing of  the  present  Normal  School  of  Rhode  Island.  For 
forty  years  its  increasing  usefulness  has  improved  the  schools, 
in  every  part  of  the  State.  It  has  helped  not  alone  the  public 
schools,  it  has  strengthened  the  work  of  the  Sabbath  School, 
of  the  church  and  the  home.  It  has  helped  every  beneficent 
agency  within  the  State  and  ministered  to  the  well-being  of 
communities  beyond. 

A  great  event  is  often  veiled  in  affairs  seemingly  trivial.  Of 
such  affairs  connected  with  the  earlier  years  of  the  school 
you  expect  me  to  speak. 

Before  referring  to  my  own  time,  I  wish  to  acknowledge 
the  great  work  that  had  been  done  in  advance  of  my  coming, 
by  the  Honorable  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools,  and  those 
associated  with  him  in  founding  the  State  Normal  School. 

Not  only  had  a  building  been  made  ready,  but  a  student- 
body  had  been  enrolled  far  beyond  the  capacity  of  the  rooms 
at  our  command,  and  the  faculty  engaged;  of  more  than  one 
hundred  and  fifty  candidates  enrolled  on  the  books,  at  Com- 
missioner Bicknell's  office,  we  found  that  we  could  accom- 
modate only  about  one  hundred,  and  the  Board  of  Trustees 
was  obliged  to  postpone  the  entrance  of  one-third  of  the  appli- 
cants till  a  later  period.  The  school  was  actually  in  existence 
in  embryo  before  the  installation  of  the  building  and  the  in- 
troduction of  the  teachers. 

All  we  had  to  do  was  to  enter  on  the  work  of  organization, 
classification,  and  instruction.  The  machinery  was  in  order, 
the  power  was  at  hand  and  we  had  only  to  turn  the  lever,  and 


JAMES  C.  GREENOUGH, 

FIRST    PRINCIPAL,    R.    I.    NORMAL   SCHOOL 
1871-83 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  101 

the  business  of  the  State  Normal  School  began.  Such  an 
experience  was  as  gratifying  as  it  was  unexpected  and  unusual. 
The  building  first  occupied  by  the  school  was  a  church 
building  bought  by  Hon.  Amos  C.  Barstow,  when  the  church 
was  united  with  the  Richmond  Street  Congregational  Church, 
to  form  the  Union  Congregational  Church. 

A  New  Home. 

The  work  and  the  development  of  the  school  demanded  a 
different  location,  and  more  and  better  rooms.  Mr.  Barstow 
had  carefully  fitted  up  this  building  with  the  expectation  and 
the  hope  that  the  school  would  occupy  it  for  many  years. 
Financially  and  honestly,  I  think,  he  believed  it  would  be  best 
for  us  and  for  the  State  to  occupy  this  building  for  a  long 
term  of  years. 

The  Board  of  Education  did  not  seem  disposed  to  move  for 
a  new  building  until  the  school  had  proved  that  it  had  come 
to  stay. 

After  some  five  years  in  our  hired  house,  during  which 
brief  editorials  from  my  pen  urging  better  accommodations 
for  the  school  were  kindly  accepted  and  used  in  nearly  every 
paper  of  the  State,  the  Board  of  Education  consented  to  the 
appointment  of  a  committee  consisting  of  Mr.  Leach,  Super- 
intendent of  the  public  schools  of  Providence,  and  myself  to 
meet  the  Committee  on  Education  in  the  General  Assembly 
and  present  the  need  of  a  building  suitable  for  the  Normal 
School.  The  success  of  the  school  and  the  good  work  of 
its  graduates  in  different  parts  of  the  State  had  resulted  in  a 
rising  tide  of  sentiment  in  favor  of  the  school ;  but  Mr.  Leach 
seemed  neither  enthusiastic  nor  hopeful  in  attempting  to  secure 
a  better  building. 


102  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

At  the  time  we  were  to  meet  the  Committee  of  the  Assembly, 
I  went  to  his  office  to  accompany  him  to  the  State  House  near- 
by. He  declined  to  go,  saying  that  it  was  his  office  hour, 
during  which  he  must  attend  to  teachers  and  others  who  might 
call.  Alone  I  met  the  committee. 

The  Old  Story  Repeated. 

When  I  said  to  them  "we  need  a  better  building,"  and  was 
about  to  show  reason,  one  of  the  committee  said,  "this  Normal 
School  is  an  experiment.  When  a  man  sets  out  an  orchard, 
he  waits  until  he  finds  what  the  fruit  will  be  before  he  fences 
it."  I  replied,  "If  his  neighbors  had  orchards  of  the  same 
sort  of  trees  bearing  excellent  fruit,  I  hardly  think  he  would 
wait  to  fence  it.  Most  of  the  States  have  Normal  Schools 
doing  good  work."  Another  member,  a  lawyer  from  Newport, 
who  did  not  seem  to  have  much  interest  in  planting  a  school 
in  Providence,  was  disposed  to  raise  a  side  issue,  and  asked 
whether  those  who  have  been  trained  in  a  Normal  School  are 
not  better  teachers  than  those  who  have  not  been  so  trained. 
I  replied  "Other  things  being  equal,  I  think  they  are.  I 
should  prefer  employing  a  minister,  a  doctor,  or  a  lawyer, 
who  had  received  a  professional  training."  "Then,"  said 
he,  "ought  not  the  legislature  by  law  to  require  school  commit- 
tees to  employ  graduates  of  the  Normal  School  in  prefer- 
ence to  other  teachers?" 

"No,"  said  I.  "But  you  think  they  are  better  teachers." 
"Other  things  being  equal,"  said  I.  "Then,"  said  he  "why 
not  pass  a  law  that  they  shall  have  the  preference?"  "If," 
said  I,  "I  were  a  candidate  for  a  school  and  knew  because 
of  my  ability  tested  by  experience  that  I  could  do  better  work 
than  a  Normal  graduate,  who  was  also  a  candidate,  I  should 
feel  that  it  was  an  injustice  to  employ  him  rather  than  myself. 
Normal  graduates  will  be  employed,"  I  added,  "if  they  do 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  103 

better  work/'  In  passing  I  may  add,  the  graduates  without 
any  legal  preference  soon  began  to  be  employed  in  the  highest 
positions  in  the  common  schools  in  Providence  and  the  towns 
of  the  State. 

The  committee  of  the  Assembly,  after  I  withdrew  from  the 
committee,  after  some  consideration  and  perhaps  with  more 
hesitation,  drew  a  resolve  in  favor  of  securing  a  suitable 
building  for  the  school. 

Doubters  Still  Doubting. 

It  seems  that  the  decline  and  closing  of  the  first  Rhode 
Island  Normal  School  opened  in  Providence  in  1854,  removed 
to  Bristol  in  1857,  and  discontinued  in  1865,  though  taught 
by  teachers  of  much  ability,  made  many  people  disposed  to 
doubt  the  expediency  of  again  establishing  such  a  school  in 
Rhode  Island.  The  marked  success  in  the  State  of  graduates 
of  Massachusetts  Normal  Schools,  while  an  undeniable  proof 
of  the  value  of  such  schools  was  often  used  in  connection 
with  the  statement,  "Rhode  Island  is  a  small  State,"  to  show 
that  it  was  best  for  people  of  this  State  to  look  to  Massachu- 
setts for  its  supply  of  trained  teachers.  This  Normal 
School  has  done  its  part  to  prove  that  Rhode  Island,  though 
small  in  territory,  like  Attica  in  ancient  Greece,  is  not 
intellectually  inferior  to  any  of  her  sister  States.  The  high 
standing  of  college  presidents  in  Massachusetts  who  have 
been  reared  in  Rhode  Island  is  also  clearly  in  evidence. 

Henry  Howard  was  Governor  of  the  State.  Much  inter- 
ested in  education,  he  visited  the  school,  observed  its  work 
and  became  a  whole-hearted  friend. 

He  said  to  me,  "Had  I  been  a  member  of  the  Assembly, 
when  the  founding  of  this  school  was  considered,  I  should 
have  voted  against  it,  but  the  way  a  school  is  managed  makes 
all  the  difference."  He  added  that  he  would  do  all  he  could 


iO4  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

to  aid  me  in  securing  a  suitable  building,  though  he  felt  that 
the  Assembly  of  that  year  would  not  pass  the  resolve.  He 
went  with  me  in  the  morning  of  the  day  the  resolve  was  to  be 
presented  to  the  House  and  urged  the  speaker  to  do  what  he 
could  to  secure  its  passage. 

A  Fight. 

The  member  of  the  House  having  the  resolve  in  charge 
said  to  one  sitting  near  him  as  he  rose  to  present  the  resolve, 
"Now  you  will  see  a  fight,"  or  something  to  that  effect.  He 
told  me  later  that  there  were  some  fifteen  men,  aided  by  Mr. 
Barstow,  prepared  to  oppose  the  passage  of  the  resolve.  After 
one  hour  of  hot  debate,  during  which  the  school  at  times  was 
roughly  handled,  the  supporters  of  the  resolve  were  defeated 
by  a  decisive  vote.  Provision  was  made  by  the  House  for  a 
committee  made  up  of  members  of  the  House  and  Senate  to 
report  at  the  next  annual  session  to  the  Assembly  on  the  work 
and  the  needs  of  the  Normal  School.  That  evening  I  visited 
the  ardent  leader  of  the  opposition  and  asked  him  to  observe 
our  present  premises  and  see  our  needs.  This  he  agreed  to  do. 
Repeating  his  promise  to  me  at  times  during  the  year,  the 
months  passed  without  a  visit  from  him. 

The  committee  appointed  by  the  Assembly  inspected  every 
department  of  the  work  of  the  school,  and  considered  our 
accommodations. 

Rev.  Augustus  Woodbury  was  chairman  of  this  committee. 
He  was  an  able,  broad  minded  man,  justly  honored  by  the 
varied  services  he  was  called  upon  at  different  times  to  per- 
form for  the  community.  Mr.  Barstow  had  seen  the  com- 
mittee in  season  and  they  were  already  persuaded  that  it  was 
best  to  accept  his  generous  offer  to  allow  the  State  to  fit  up  in 
the  basement,  rooms  for  the  scientific  or  other  work  of  the 
school,  and  pay  him  a  merely  nominal  rent  for  the  same. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  105 

This  seemed  to  the  committee  the  best  that  for  a  time  could 
be  done.  No  arguments  of  mine  sufficed  to  change  their 
unanimous  decision.  This  was  in  the  month  of  June,  1877. 
This  season  so  beautiful  in  Providence  was  to  me  the  gloomiest 
period  in  the  history  of  the  school.  The  vestry  was  too 
deeply  set  in  the  ground  to  be  utilized  for  class  rooms. 

The  location  of  the  building  seemed  to  me  to  forbid  any 
expenditure  by  the  State  upon  it,  even  if  it  could  be  made 
adequate  to  our  needs,  which  was  impossible. 

The  Knight  of  the  Press. 

In  the  autumn  I  had  an  errand  that  took  me  to  the  office 
of  the  Providence  Journal. 

There  I  met  the  editor,  both  of  the  morning  Journal  and 
the  Evening  Bulletin,  Mr.  Danielson,  a  man  of  wonderful  toil 
and  endurance.  Though  a  man  of  inveterate  prejudices,  his 
views  on  public  affairs  were  generally  accepted  as  thoughtful 
and  wise.  I  think  at  the  time  he  had  more  influence  in  the 
conduct  of  public  affairs  than  any  other  man  in  the  State. 
We  had  failed  to  agree  after  considerable  debate  upon  some 
questions  respecting  the  proper  work  of  the  common  school. 
I  feared  his  displeasure,  for  he  wielded  a  persuasive  pen. 
Yet  I  could  but  admire  his  valor  and  his  honesty  of  purpose. 
Cautiously  at  first,  but  after  some  years  of  acquaintance, 
he  unreservedly  in  his  manner  and  in  his  readiness  to  help 
the  school  and  favor  me,  showed  that  he  reciprocated  my 
personal  regard.  He  inquired  how  the  school  was  getting  on. 
I  told  him  that  the  teachers  and  pupils  were  doing  good  work, 
but  I  could  but  feel  apprehensive  of  evils  that  threatened. 
I  then  told  him  what  the  committee  of  the  Assembly  had 
decided  to  report  to  the  Assembly  respecting  the  obtaining  of 
better  accommodations. 


io6  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

He  was  usually  a  reticent  man  as  to  his  plans,  but  in  a  very 
positive  tone  he  now  said,  "If  the  committee  make  that  report 
I  shall  deem  it  my  duty  to  attack  the  committee." 

I  saw  at  once  that  these  words  might  have  weight  with 
the  chairman  of  the  legislative  committee,  who  well  knew 
the  power  of  Mr.  Danielson.  I  soon  called  upon  Mr.  Wood- 
bury  and  repeated  some  of  the  arguments  for  a  building  in  a 
more  suitable  location  and  better  adapted  to  our  work,  adding 
that  Mr.  Danielson  had  questioned  me  as  to  the  attitude  of  the 
committee.  ''What  did  he  say,"  said  Mr.  Woodbury,  who 
had  listened  very  attentively  to  what  I  had  said.  I  told  him 
the  statement  of  Mr.  Danielson.  After  a  slight  pause  he 
said,  "I  have  been  thinking  more  of  this  matter  and  I  think 
it  may  be  well  for  the  committee  to  report  in  favor  of  a  new 
building."  I  went  home  with  my  mind  relieved  of  the  burden 
borne  for  months. 

Many  Plans. 

During  the  next  legislative  session  the  report  was  made 
to  the  Assembly  and  referred  to  the  appropriate  committee. 
A  good  share  of  the  session  was  spent  in  considering  the 
building  of  a  new  State  house.  Many  plans  were  discussed, 
one  being  the  building  of  a  wing  of  the  State  house  for  the 
Normal  School.  There  were  much  differences  of  opinion 
respecting  site  and  construction  so  that  nothing  definite  was 
accomplished.  When  the  session  at  Providence  was  well 
advanced  I  happened  again  to  meet  the  leader  of  the  opposi- 
tion, who  was  again  in  the  House,  and  again  allusion  was 
made  to  his  visiting  us.  "I  promised  to  visit  you,"  said  he. 
"I  have  not.  However,  I  know  your  need.  Last  year  I  was 
deceived  as  to  your  condition.  I  have  informed  myself  of 
the  facts."  He  added,  "Get  your  committee  together  and 
have  them  draw  a  bill  and  when  it  is  before  the  House,  I  will 


81 
5! 


Q  I 

Z 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  107 

help  you.''  I  well  remember  in  part  his  exact  language ;  a 
few  words  I  have  supplied.  I  did  as  he  advised.  The  bill 
under  his  championship  and  with  the  aid  of  others  who  appre- 
ciated the  work  of  the  graduates  in  different  parts  of  the 
State,  readily  passed.  The  rising  tide  of  sentiment  in  favor 
of  the  school  had  reached  the  halls  of  legislation. 

Mayor  Doyle  and  the  Xew  Normal  Building. 

In  the  meantime  the  new  high  school  building  now  known 
as  the  Classical  and  English  High  School  on  the  west  side  of 
the  city  was  nearing  completion.  Mayor  Doyle  one  morn- 
ing, took  me  into  his  sleigh  and  while  driving  past  the 
high  school  building  on  Benefit  street,  suggested  that  the 
State  purchase  it  for  the  Xormal  School.  The  value  of  the 
property  and  the  cost  of  adding  to  and  remodeling  it  had 
been  presented  to  a  committee  of  the  legislature. 

When  the  bill  in  favor  of  the  school  reached  the  Senate  it 
encountered  further  opposition  from  a  Bristol  member. 
After  the  Senate  had  adjourned,  this  member  still  holding  the 
floor,  I  read  on  my  way  home  from  school  in  the  Bulletin, 
his  speech. 

At  once  I  went  to  his  office,  where  I  found  him  alone. 
Perhaps  he  felt  he  had  been  unduly  severe.  We  had  not 
gone  far  in  discussing  the  matter  in  hand  when  he  said, 
"I  will  be  fair  with  you,"  and  he  was  as  good  as  his  word. 
By  a  process  of  argument  and  cross  examination  showing 
legal  ability  he  discussed  the  plans  and  policy  of  the  school 
and  the  reason  for  a  suitable  building,  making  notes  as  he 
proceeded.  When  the  Senate  again  assembled,  to  the 
astonishment  of  all,  he  urged  the  passage  of  the  bill,  with  a 
force  equalled  only  by  the  vehemence  by  which  he  had 
attacked  it.  The  opposition  under  his  leadership  surrend- 
ered. The  high  school  building  on  Benefit  street  was  pur- 


io8  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

chased  and  remodeled.  Later  in  the  year,  1878,  the  building 
was  occupied  by  the  school,  though  the  dedicatory  address 
by  Rev.  Augustus  Woodbury,  was  not  given  until  January 
23,  1879,  when  the  fitting  up  of  the  building  was  completed. 
The  school  entered  upon  a  new  era  of  prosperity. 

Honor  to  Whom  Honor  is  Due. 

The  aid  to  all  the  work  of  the  school  rendered  by  Commis- 
sioners Bicknell,  and  Stockwell,  and  the  Board  of  Education, 
should  ever  be  held  in  grateful  remembrance.  Honor  is  also 
due  to  Mr.  Danielson,  editor  of  the  Providence  Journal  for 
his  strong  and  steady  support  of  all  measures  helpful  to  the 
school.  Nor  can  I  fail  to  refer  to  the  aid  rendered  by  the 
grammar  masters  of  this  city,  three  of  whom  I  believe  were 
graduates  of  the  Bridgewater  Normal  School.  The  teachers 
in  this  city  and  throughout  the  State  were  ever  ready  to 
appreciate  any  good  work  accomplished  by  the  school. 

The  Greatness  of  the  Teacher. 

The  first  Normal  Schools  in  America  were  established  in 
Massachusetts,  by  the  influence  of  a  few  strong  leaders  in 
popular  education.  At  the  outset,  the  majority  of  teachers  in 
that  State  did  not  favor  Normal  Schools.  They  held  to 
their  work  patiently,  persistently  and  quietly  till  at  length  in 
that  State,  and  in  other  States,  they  wrought  a  revolution  in 
the  methods  and  practices  of  the  common  school. 

In  Rhode  Island  teachers  have  been  foremost  in  exerting 
their  influence  in  favor  of  Normal  schools. 

But  the  ability,  source  of  the  maintenance  and  the  progress 
of  this  school  is  the  zeal,  the  intelligence,  and  the  efficiency  of 
its  graduates,  showed  in  their  untiring  devotion  and  skill  in 
the  schools  of  the  State.  They  housed  the  school  on  Benefit 
street.  This  building,  beautiful  for  situation,  so  comely 
and  fitting  in  its  arrangements,  the  joy  and  pride  of  the  State 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  109 

is  a  monument  to  the  value  of  their  work.  But  this  building 
is  but  an  outward  emblem.  The  value  of  a  true  teacher's  work 
can  never  be  measured  by  anything  of  material  sort.  The 
soldier  rights  for  his  country,  the  teacher  makes  it  worth 
fighting  for. 

The  worth  of  the  people  is  their  character — what  they  are, 
physically,  mentally  and  morally,  as  the  result  of  their  own 
action,  guided  by  teaching  and  training.  Character  is  the 
bed-rock  of  the  family,  the  church  and  the  State.  Every- 
where and  always,  the  true  teacher,  while  helping  the  pupils 
to  gain  the  specific  ends  set  forth  in  a  course  of  study,  is 
consciously  or  unconsciously  forming  character.  The 
physical  well-being,  the  development  and  storing  of  the  intel- 
lect for  which  the  teacher  strives,  gives  the  pupil  the  ability  to 
act  vigorously  and  wisely.  So  far  as  the  teacher  leads  by 
the  study  of  nature,  by  literary  culture,  and  by  heroic  example 
to  the  appreciation  of  the  true,  the  beautiful,  and  the  good,  so 
far  he  opens  the  soul  heavenward,  letting  in  that  light  that 
was  never  "on  land  or  sea,"  and  so  waking  its  responsiveness 
to  all  that  is  worthy,  that  it  need  not  fail  of  inspiration  and 
guidance.  The  true  teacher  also  leads  the  pupil  to  determine 
the  value  of  persons  and  things,  that  is,  to  judge  correctly. 

Speaking  of  the  ability  to  judge,  in  its  higher  relations, 
President  Hadley,  of  Yale,  says,  'The  citizen  of  Zion  is  a  man 
of  judgment.  He  has  the  sense  of  proportion  which  enables 
him  to  judge  men  and  things  according  to  their  real  worth." 
Again  he  says,  "To  be  a  Christian  means  to  follow  in  the  foot- 
steps of  the  man,  who  more  than  anyone  else  that  ever  lived, 
saw  things  in  their  real  sizes  and  proportions." 

Thus  in  the  ability  to  act,  in  responsiveness  and  in  a  well 
trained  judgment,  the  basis  of  character  is  laid  upon  this  as 


no  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

it  is  broadened  and  strengthened.  Moral  character  may  be 
developed  in  all  its  strength  and  beauty. 

All  the  work  of  a  well  ordered  school  is  a  means  of  moral 
culture.  The  accuracy  required  in  observation  in  thought 
and  in  expression  is  a  training  in  truthfulness.  Obedience 
to  teachers  and  submission  to  the  regulations  of  the  school  is 
a  training  for  the  right  discharge  of  civil  and  social  duties. 
The  self-control  required  of  a  pupil  gives  that  self-mastery 
by  which  one  holds  to  the  upward  course  as  he  strives  to 
realize  his  ideals,  while  he  looks  beyond  the  seen  and  temporal 
to  the  unseen,  the  eternal. 

The  profession  of  teaching  includes  a  larger  number  of 
noble  workers  than  any  other.  It  presents  the  widest  field 
for  the  exercise  of  the  noblest  powers.  It  calls  upon  one 
to  invest  his  efforts  in  that  which  is  worth  the  doing. 

The  teacher  strengthens  the  family,  builds  the  State,  and 
helps  to  establish  in  the  world,  the  kingdom  of  God. 

Tributes  to  Associates. 

Fellow  teachers:  I  am  glad  that  for  nearly  fifty  years  my 
name  was  on  the  roll  of  active  teachers.  With  my  might, 
and  giving  the  best  I  had  garnered,  I  wrought,  glad  of  my 
privilege,  only  wishing  that  my  might  had  been  more  and 
my  resources  larger.  To  the  pupils  of  this  school  during  the 
first  twelve  years  of  its  life,  I  am  much  indebted  and  deeply 
endeared.  With  few  exceptions  they  were  earnest  and  faith- 
ful, ever  encouraging  me  to  faithful  service.  I  am  glad  that 
my  name  is  enrolled  with  yours.  I  to-day  rejoice  that  with 
associate  teachers — Miss  Bancroft  (now  Mrs.  Tillinghast), 
Miss  Jewett,  now  Mrs.  Taylor),  and  Miss  Hay  ward,  I  was 
permitted  to  have  a  part  in  laying  the  foundations  of  this  insti- 
tution. 


MRS.  J.  HERBERT  SHEDD, 

(NEE  MARBLE). 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  in 

These  associate  teachers  are  worthy  of  all  honor,  and  their 
mantle  falls  upon  later  associate  teachers.  Miss  Marble 
(now  Mrs.  Shedd),  had  graduated  from  the  Friends  School  in 
this  city  and  had  taught  several  terms. 

In  the  autumn  of  1871,  soon  after  entering  the  school,  she 
said  to  me,  ''I  came  intending  to  stay  a  few  weeks,  I  now 
intend  to  stay  through  the  year."  She  little  thought  that  she 
would  not  leave  the  school  until  she  had  completed  thirty 
years  of  uninterrupted  and  very  admirable  service  as  a  teacher. 

Miss  Bucklin,  valedictorian  of  the  first  graduating  class,  be 
gan  to  teach  in  the  school  at  the  same  time  as  Miss  Marble, 
1872,  and  showed  herself  worthy  of  a  life-long  and  honorable 
career,  but  a  Mr.  Lonsdale  had  other  plans  to  which  she 
consented.  But  Mrs.  Lonsdale,  and  others  who  have  left 
school  to  make  a  home,  have  not  by  their  promotion  lost  their 
interest  nor  their  influence  in  this  and  in  other  schools.  The 
family  was  the  first  and  has  ever  been  the  most  important 
of  human  institutions.  It  is  the  foundation  of  our  social 
life. 

Miss  Deming's  untiring  and  faithful  work  can  never  be 
forgotten.  HOWT  can  I  adequately  speak  of  Miss  Gardner, 
Miss  Kenyon,  Miss  Short  (now  Mrs.  Barrett),  and  Miss  Lewis. 
Words  are  feeble  to  express  the  value  of  the  work  of  all  these, 
and  of  others  who  rendered  occasional  aid  as  teachers.  The 
value  of  their  work  is  evident  in  the  life  and  excellent  work 
of  those  whom  they  faithfully  instruct. 


CHAPTER  X. 
Trustees  and  Teachers. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL  TRUSTEES, 
1860-1865. 


Rev.  Thomas  Shepard,  D.  D., 
Hon.  Samuel  G.  Arnold, 
William  Goddard, 
John  J.  Reynolds, 
Rev.  John   Boyden, 
Hon.  William  Sprague,  Gov., 
Hon.   James   G.   Smith,   Gov., 
Benjamin  H.   Rhoades, 
Rev.  Frederick  Dennison, 
Rev.  Dr.  Dumont, 


Bristol,  R.  1. 

Providence,  R.  I. 

Warwick,  R.  I. 

Wickford,  R.  I. 

Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Providence,  R.  I. 

Providence,  R.  I. 

Newport,  R.  I. 

Westerly,  R.  I. 

Newport,  R.  I. 


Secretaries. 

Joshua  Bicknell  Chapin, 
Henry  Rousmaniere. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  113 

RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL  TRUSTEES, 
1871-1911. 


Governors. 

Seth  Padelford,  1870  to  1873 

Henry  Howard,  1873  to  1875 

Henry  Lippitt,  1875  to  l&77 

Charles  C.  Van  Zandt,  1877  to  1880 

Alfred  H.  Littlefield,  1880  to  1883 

Augustus  A.  Bourne,  1883  to  l%&5 

George  Peabody  Wetmore,  1885  to  1887 
John  W.  Davis.                                   1887-10  1888,  and  1890-91 

Royal  C.  Taft,  1888  to  1889 
Herbert  W.  Ladd,                                  1889  to  1890  &  1891-92 

D.  Russell  Brown,  1892  to  1895 

Charles  Warren  Lippitt,  1895  to  1897 

Elisha  Dyer,  1897  to  1900 

William  Gregory,  1900  to  1902 

Charles  Dean  Kimball,  1902  to  1903 

Lucius  F.  C.  Garvin,  1903  to  1905 

George  H.   Utter,  1905  to  1907 

James  H.   Higgins,  1907  to  1909 

Aram  J.  Pothier.  1909  to 


H4  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

Lieutenant-Governors,  Ex-officiis. 

Pardon  W.  Stevens,  1870  to  1872 

Charles  R.  Cutler,  1872  to  1873 

Charles  C.  Van  Zandt,  1873  to  l875 

Henry  T.  Sisson,  1875  to  l877 

Albert  C.  Howard,  1877  to  1880 

Henry  H.  Fay,  1880  to  1883 

Oscar  J.  Rathbun,  1883  to  1885 

Lucius  B.  Darling,  1885  to  1887 

Samuel  R.  Honey,  1887  to  1888 

Enos  Lapham,  1888  to  1889 

Daniel  T.  Littlefield,  1889  to  1890 

W.  T.  C.  Wardwell,  1890  to  1891 

Henry  A.  Stearns,  1891  to  1892 

Melville  Bull,  1892  to  1894 

Edwin  R.  Allen,  1894  to  1897 

Aram  J.  Pothier,  1897  to  1898 

William  Gregory,  1898  to  1900 

Charles  Dean  Kimball,  1900  to  1901 

George  L.  Shepley,  1902  to  1903 

Adelard  Archambault,  1903  to  1904 

George  H.  Utter,  1904  to  1905 

Frederick  H.  Jackson,  1905  to  1908 

Ralph  C.  Watrous,  1908  to  1909 

Arthur  W.  Dennis,  1909  to  1910 

Zenas  W.  Bliss,  1910  to 

Commissioners  of  Public  Schools. 

Thomas  W.  Bicknell, 

Thomas  B.  Stockwell, 

Walter  E.  Ranger. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  115 

Members  Elected  in  Grand  Committee. 

Providence  County. 

Rev.  Daniel  Leach,  Frank  E.  McFee, 

Rev.  Charles  J.  White,  Percy  D.  Smith, 

Lucius  B.  Darling,  E.  Charles  Francis, 

Aram  J.  Pothier,  John  E.  Kendrick, 
Charles  H.  Fisher,  M.  D. 


Newport  County. 

Frederick  W.  Tilton,  George  A.  Littlefield, 

Augustus  D.  Small,  Lucius  D.  Davis, 

Thomas  H.  Clarke,  Frank  E.  Thompson. 


Bristol  County. 

Rev.  Amos  F.  Spalding,  J.  Howard  Manchester, 

Rev.  George  L.  Locke,  D.  D.,    George  T.  Baker, 
Rev.  W.  A.  Ackley. 


Kent  County. 

Prof.  George  Washington  Greene,  Ezra  K.  Parker, 
Dwight  R.  Adams,  Samuel  W.  K.  Allen. 


Washington  County. 

Samuel  H.  Cross,  David  S.  Baker,  Jr., 

Frank  Hill. 


n6  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL  FACULTY. 

1854-1865. 
PRINCIPALS — 

Dana  P.  Colburn,  i854-Dec.  15,  1859. 
Daniel  Goodwin — Provisional  principalship  conferred  by 
Governor    and    Commissioner    of    Public    Schools. 
Served  from  Mr.  Colburn's  death  till  Feb.,  1860. 
Hannah    W.    Goodwin — Principal    pro    tern.    Feb.,    1860 

till  Mr.  Kendall  took  charge. 
Joshua  Kendall — Elected  May  17,  1860  to  1865. 

ASSISTANTS — 

Arthur  Sumner,  i854-July,  1855. 

Hannah  W.  Goodwin — i855-Sept.,  1863.       Assistant  till 

Feb.,    1860.       Principal   pro  tem.   till   Mr.   Kendall 

came;  First  Assistant  and  later  Assistant  Principal. 

Six  months'  leave  of  absence,  1861-62. 
Emma  T.  Brown — Sept.,  i855~July,  1857. 
Annie  F.  Saunders — Sept.,  i855-July,  1857. 
Daniel  Goodwin — Sept.,   i857-Oct,   1859. 

Acting    principal    from    December,     i859-February, 

1860. 

Ellen  R.  Luther — November,  1859  to  1865. 
Ellen  J.  LeGro — November,  1863- November,  1864. 
Prof.  S.  S.  Greene — Teacher  of  English,  Grammar  and 

Analysis,  December,   i854-July,   1857. 
Charles    M.    Clarke — Teacher    Vocal    Music,    December, 

i854-July,  1855. 
Robert  S.  Fisher — Teacher  Vocal  Music,  September,  1855- 

July,  1857. 
Harriet  B.  Luther — Conducted  singing  exercise  each  week 

March  3O-July,   1858. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL  FACULTY. 
1871  to  1911. 


Principals. 

James  C.  Greenough  1871  to  1883 

Thomas  B.  Stockwell,  Acting  Principal  Sept.  1883  to  Jan.  1884 
Thomas  J.  Morgan  Jan.  1884  to  1889 

George  A.  Littlefield  1889  to  1892  teacher  to  1894 

William  E.  Wilson  1892  to  1898 

Fred  Gowing  1898  to  1901 

Charles  S.  Chapin  1901  to  1908 

John  L.  Alger  1908  to 


Teachers. 


Susan  C.  Bancroft 
Mary  L.  Jewett 
Almira  L.  Hayward 
Sarah  Marble 
Anna  C.  Bucklin 
Lydia  S.  Rathbun 
Ida  M.  Gardner 
Susan  C.  B.  Tillinghast 
Louise  P.  Remington 
Annie  E.  Kenyon 
Mary  J.  Briggs 
Ella  M.  Short 
Charlotte  E.  Deming 
Mary  R.  Ailing 
Frances  W.  Lewis 
Elizabeth  W.  Gardiner 
William  E.  Wilson 
Lerria  Tarbell 


1871  to  1877 
1871  to  1878 

1871  to  1872 

1872  to  1905 
1872  to  1874 
1874  to  1875 
1876  to  1880 

1877  to  Jan.  1879 

Jan.   1879  to  July  1879 

1878  to  1882 

1878  to  1879 

1879  to  '1885 

1879  to  1908 

1880  to  1881 

1881  to  1889 
1883  to  1884 

1884  to  1892  see  above 
1885  to  Jan.  1887 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 


Anna  M.  Wickes 
Clara  M.  Colcord 
Alice  E.  Faucher 
Mabel  C.  Bragg 
Elizabeth  Hammett 
Fannie  E.  Woods 
Mary  Graham 
Emma  E.  Brown 
Bertha  Bass 
George  A.  Littlefield 
Inez  L.  Whipple 
Alexander  Bevan 
Hattie  E.  Hunt 
Mary  C.  Dickerson 
Mabel  Brown 
Blanche  E.  Hazard 
Maud  Slye 
Emma  A.  Hindley 
Agnes  E.  Clark 
Charles  A.  Miller 
Anna  B.  Gallup 
Harriet  M.  Beale 
Helen  L.  Bliss 
C.  Edward  Fisher 
Horatio  B.  Knox 
Isabel  B.  Holbrook 
Marian  L.  Shorey 
Arthur  J.  Jones 
Valeria  S.  Goodenow 
Lyman  R.  Allen 
Annie  J.  Fairchild 
Emily  B.  Cornish 
Florence  E.  Griswold 
Ernest  E.  Balcom 
Elizabeth  Bickford 


Jan.   1887  to  July  1887 

1887  to  1890 

1887  to  1888 

1888  to  1891,     1894  to  1901 

1889  to  1890 

1890  to  1894 

1890  to  1891 
1891  to  Feb.  1904 

1891  to  1899 

1892  to  1894 
March  1892  to  1897 

1894  to  Feb.  1901 

1896  to  1901 

1897  to  1905 
1898  to  1901  also  Librarian. 

1899  to  1904 

1899  to  1907 

Feb.  1900  to  June  1901 

Feb.  1901  to  June  1904 

Feb.  1901  to  June  1903 

1901  to  May  1902 
1901  to 

1902  to  Jan.  1907 

1903  to 

1904  to 
1905  to  March  1910 

Jan.  1907  to  June  1907 

1907  to  1911 

1907  to  June  1908 

1908  to  1909 

1908  to  Feb.  1909 
Feb.  1909  to  June  1911 

Feb.  1909  to 

1909  to  June  1911 

1909  to  1910 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 


119 


Florence  M.  Richards 
Lida  B.  Earhart 
Joseph  J.  Landall 


April  1910  to  June  1911 
Jan.  1910  to  June  1911 
1910  to 


Special  Teachers. 


Benjamin  W.  Hood 
Emory  P.  Russell 

Mrs.  Ellen  D.  Carney 
Mrs.  E.  S.  Barry 
Clara  F.  Robinson 
Alexander  H.  Seaverns 
Cora  Greenwood 
Laura  B.  McLean 
Alice  Spalding 
Marie  S.  Stillman 

Charles  H.  Gates 

Carl  W.  Ernst 
Caroline  E.  Sanford 

E.  C.  Davis 

John  E.  Dolcet 
Florence  P.  Salisbury 
Edith  L.  Hill 


Music. 

1879  to  1893 
1893  to 

Drawing. 

1879  to  short  time,  no  definite  record. 

1879  to  1880 
1890  to  1895 
1895  to  1898 
1898  to  1901 
1901  to  1904 

1900  to  1901 

1901  to 

French. 

1873  to  Jan.  1882 

German. 

1873  to  l8?6 
1882  to  1884 


Penmanship. 


Gymnastics. 


Domestic  Science. 


Emma  L.  Baker 
Bernette  Bacheler 
Elizabeth  C.  Gillespie 
Louise  L.  Green 
Lucy  C.  King 


1873  to  1878 

1898  to  1902 

1902  to  1908 
Jan.  1903  to 

1898  to  1899 

1899  to  19°I 
1901  to  1907 

1907  to  1910 

1908  to 


I2O  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

Medical  Examiner. 
Dr.  Jeanie  O.  Arnold  1908  to 

Observation  Schools. 
Clara  E.  Craig  Supervisor  1898  to 

Training  Teacher  also  from  1893 

Emily  J.  Rothwell  1898  to 

Mary  L.  Brown  1898  to 

Mary  A.  McArdle  1898  to 

Jennie  E.  Aull  1898  to  1911 

Phebe  E.  Wilbur  Supervisor     1898  to  Feb.  1902 

then  critic  teacher  in    city    training    schools.      Training 

teacher  also  1893  to  1898 

Belle  E.  O.  Bonneville  1898  to  Jan.  1901 

E.  Gertrude  Lanphear  1898  to  1903 

Mary  H.  Gaynor  1898  to  1911 

Alice  W.  Case  1898  to  1910 

Mabel  E.  A.  Waite  Feb.  1901  to  Feb.  1902 

Harriet  E.  Roxbury  Feb.  1902  to  June  1909 

Phebe  M.  Pigeon  1903  to  1905 

Lina  F.  Bates  1905  to 

Mary  L.  Perham  1909^0 

Marion  Hamilton  1910  to 

Kindergarten. 

Katharine  H.  Clarke  1898  to  1901 

Elizabeth  C.  Baker  1898  to 

Anne  T.  Yernon  1898  to  1907 

Minnie  M.  Glidden  1901  to  1902 

Nora  At  wood  1902  to  Nov.  1905 

Helen  W.  Holmes  Nov.   1905  to  Feb.  1907 

Mildred  L.  Sampson  1907  to 

Mary  B.  Sullivan,  General  Assistant  1909  to 


CHAPTER  XL 
Students  and  Graduates  from  1852. 


A  PRIVATE  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 
1852-1854. 


Teachers. 

Dana  P.  Colburn,  Arthur  Sumner, 

Samuel  S.  Greene,  William  Russell. 

The  School  was  held  in  the  Hall  of  the  Universalist  Church, 
corner  of  Weybosset  and  Eddy  streets. 

The  School  Opened  November,   1852. 
Winter  and  Summer  Sessions. 

Names  of  students  so  far  as  ascertained,  Information  as  to 
these  or  others  will  be  gladly  welcomed  by  Miss  Ellen  M. 
Haskell,  381  Angell  street.  Providence. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

*Sarah  Dean    Providence,  R.  I. 

*Celia   Lewis    Providence,  R.  I. 

Mary  Wadsworth  (Fuller) Providence,  R.  I. 

Ellen  Shaw    1035  Massachusetts  av.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Mary  Logee   Providence,  R.  I. 


122  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDPBSS. 

Anna  F.  Fielden  (Saunders)    Providence,  R.  1. 

Rebecca  Sheldon  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Harriet  Ware  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Martha  Thurber  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Cornelia  Latham  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mary  Fabyan  (Lewis)  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Lysander  Flagg Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

*Isabel  Doyle  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mary  Emily  Gushing   Providence,  R.  I. 

Myron  M.   Greene    Providence,  R.  I. 

Emma   Buffinton    Providence,  R.  I. 

Ellen  A.  Bartlett  (Draper)  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

*Pardon  E.  Tillinghast  (Judge)  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Hester  Scholfield  (Abbott ) 98  Comstockav.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Victoria  Chase  Providence,  R.  I. 

Adaline  Capron  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Elizabeth  Makepeace  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Alice  Hill  (Hale)  Providence,  R.  I. 

Charlotte  A.  King  (Tabor)   125  Camp  st.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Elizabeth  J.  Cory Providence,  R.  I. 

Maria    Brownell    Providence,  R.  I. 

Mary  J.  Lee  Providence,  R.  I. 

Ruth  A.  Haskell, 68  Lloyd  av.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Eliza  B.  Denison  (Lewis),  14  Arnold  st.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Lucretia  Bucklin    Providence,  R.  I. 

Martha  Bowen Providence,  R.  I. 

Mary  J.  Godding  (Miles)    Providence,  R.  I. 

Sophia  Read Providence,  R.  I. 

*Rebecca  Sessions  Providence,  R.  I. 

Amanda  Miles   Providence,  R.  I. 

Rebecca  Armington Providence,  R.  I. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  123 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Mary  Wilbour   Providence,  R.  I. 

Jane   Helen  Tabor    Providence,  R.  1. 

Mary  Armington  Providence,  R.  I. 

Sarah  Bliven  (Wilbour)  86  Wood  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Harriet  Bucklin  Providence,  R.  I. 

Matilda  Cole Providence,  R.  1. 

Anna  Potter  Providence,  R.  1. 

Mrs.  Craigin,  (a  widow  with  3  children)  .  .Providence,  R.  I. 

Laura   Field    Providence,  R.  I. 

Mary    Shelley    Providence,  R.  I. 

Alonzo   Titcomb    Providence,  R.  I. 

Draper    Smith    Providence,  R.  I. 

Amy  Spencer  (Tucker)   Providence,  R.  I. 

Seraphine  Gardner  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Sarah  Padelford  Providence,  R.  I. 

Emeline  Aldrich  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Robert  Fielden Providence,  R.  I. 

One  colored  man  Providence,  R.  1. 


*  Deceased ;  others  may  be. 


124  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

THE  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL 

OPENED  AS   A    STATE   INSTITUTION, 

MAY  29,  1854. 


Teachers. 

Dana  P.  Colburn,  Principal. 
Arthur  Sumner,  Assistant. 

First  Entering  Class. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Adams,  Mary  P. — 21 Providence,  R.  I. 

Barton,  Emily  L. — 18    Providence,  R.  I. 

Barton,  George  Thomas — 22    Providence,  R.  I. 

Buckley,    Mary — 20    Providence,  R.  I. 

Brown,   H.    Eliza — 18    Providence,  R.  I. 

Clark,    Henry— 19    Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Cleveland,  Thomas  E. — 18   Providence,  R.  I. 

Colburn,  Lydia  D. — 17 West  Roxbury,  Mass. 

Dustin,  Frances  P. — 22 Providence,  R.  1. 

Gardiner,  Sarah  C. — 16 Providence,  R.  1. 

Gifford,  Elizabeth  C. — 17   Sandwich,  Mass. 

Haswell,  Charlotte  R.— 16    Providence,  R.  I. 

Harris,  Earl  C— 18 Providence,  R.  I. 

Lippitt,  Ann  C. — 17   Providence,  R.  I. 

Nichols,  Helen  A. — 17   Providence,  R.  I. 

Peavey,  Sarah  G. — 25    Providence,  R.  I. 

Passmore,  Elizabeth — 16   Providence,  R.  I. 

Palmgreen,  Margaret  E. — 16   Providence,  R.  1. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  125 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Steere,   Frances  M. — 17    No.   Providence,  R.  I. 

Steere,  Laura  M. — 15    No.  Providence,  R.  I. 

Smith,  Adeline  P.  P.— 16 Providence,  R.  I. 

Sprague,  Helen  F. — 18 Providence,  R.  I. 

Winship,  Susan  J. — 19 Providence,  R.  I. 

VVestcott,  Adah  D. — 22 Providence,  R.  I . 

Westcott,  Sarah  £.—15  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Wilbour,  Emily  C. — 17   Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Yeomans,  Eliza  J. — 22  Providence,  R.  I . 


126  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL  CATALOGUE. 
From  1854  to  1865,  inclusive. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Adams,  David  A.,  Jr Pottsdam,  St.  Lawrernce  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Angell,  Edmund  A Providence,  R. 

Arnold,  Denham Coventry,  R. 

Arnold,  John Portsmouth,  R. 

Adams,  Almira  G.  . . Bristol,  R, 

Adams,  Effie Bristol,  R. 

Adams,  Esther  H Holliston,  Mas  . 

Adams,  Harriet  E Manville,  R. 

Adams,  Mary  P Providence,  R. 

Aldrich,  Mary  J. Smithfield,  R. 

Aldrich,  Sarah • .  Cumberland,  R. 

Allen,  Juliett  A Providence,  R. 

Allyn,  Annie  C Bristol,  R. 

Andrews,  Ann  E. Providence,  R.  I. 

Andrews,  Caroline  F Providence,  R.  I. 

Angell,  Amelia  N Providence,  R.  I. 

Angell,  Julia  E. Providence,  R.  I. 

Angell,  Nancy  M Chepachet,  R.  I. 

Angell,  Sarah  E North  Scituate,  R.  I. 

Angell,  Susan  F Chepachet,  R.  I. 

Anthony,  Lois Portsmouth,  R.  I. 

Anthony,  Mary  E Providence,  R.  I. 

Arnold,  Mary Providence,  R.  I. 

Arnold,  Sarah  S Douglas,  Mass. 

Atwood,  Sarah  R Thompson,  Conn. 

Avery,  Annie  E Providence,  R.  I. 

Ballou,  Byron  M Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Barney,  Charles  E.  . Bristol,  R.  I. 

Barton,  George  T Providence,  R.  I. 

Briggs,  Stephen  A Stonington,  Conn. 

Brown,  J.  F Kingston,  R.  I. 

Browning,  Joseph  L Charlestown,  R.  I. 

Burlingam,e,  William  C Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Babbitt,  Mary  A. Bristol,  R.  I. 

Babcock,  Austania  M Providence,  R.  I. 

Babcock,  Mary  R.  . Charlestown,  R.  I. 

Bailey,  Mary  E West  Greenwich,  R.  I. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  127 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Baker,  Almira  B Pawtucket,  Mass. 

Baker,  Electa  A Providence,  R.  1. 

Ballou,  Abby  L Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Ballou,  Anna Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Ballou,  Laura Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Ballou,  Martha  A Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Ballou,  Sarah  M Keene,  N.  H. 

Barnaby,  Harriet  A Providence,  R.  I. 

Barney,  Hannah  M Warren,  R.  I. 

Barrows,  Amelia Pawtucket,  Mass. 

Bartlett,  Ellen  A Pawtucket,  Mass. 

Barton,  Emily  L Providence,  R.  I. 

Battey,  Mary  S .  • Cranston,  R.  I. 

Battey,  Nancy  S Burrillville,  R.  I. 

Baxter,  Augusta  V Bristol,  R.  I. 

Baxter,  Minnie  B Bristol,  R.  I. 

Belcher,  Lydia  H Georgiaville,  R.  I. 

Bensley,  Clara  E North  Providence,  R.  I. 

Bensley,  Elizabeth  W. Providence,  R.  I. 

Bensley,  Mary  B Pawtucket,  Mass. 

Benson,  Cornelia South  Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Bicknor,  Jane  R Warren,  R.  I. 

Blake,  Anna Bellingham,  Mass. 

Bliss,  Eleanor Seekonk.  Mass. 

Bliss,  Martha  H Seekonk,  Mass. 

Bourn,  Josephine  F Attleboro,  Mass. 

Bourn,  H.  Eliza Providence,  R.  I. 

Bowen,  Fanny  W South  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Bowen,  Lucy  A Providence,  R.  I. 

Brayton,  Isadora Warwick,  R.  I. 

Briggs,  Elizabeth Greenville,  R.  I. 

Brown,  Addie Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Brown,  Alice Johnston,  R.  I. 

Brown,  Amy  A Johnston,  R.  I. 

Brown,  Ann  E Tiverton,  R.  I. 

Brown,  Elizabeth Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Brown,  Emma  T. Providence,  R.  I. 

Brown,  Mary  C Framingham,  Mass. 

Brown,  Josephine  T Providence,  R.  I. 

Brown,  Mary  A Johnston,  R.  I. 

Brown,  Permelia  U Cranston,  R.  I. 

Brownell,  Amy  S Portsmouth,  R.  I. 


128  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Brownell,  Maria  J. Adamsville,  R.  I. 

Brownell,  Martha  F Providence,  R.  I. 

Bryant,  Annie  K Providence,  R.  1. 

Bucklin,  Amy  J Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Buckley,  Mary Providence,  R.  I. 

Buffington,  Geraldine. Warren,  R.  I. 

Bullock,  Ruth Bristol,  R.  I. 

Burke,  Theresa Providence,  R.  I. 

Carpenter,  Charles  B Brookfield,  Mass. 

Carr,  J.  Foster Jamestown,  R.  I. 

Chapman,  Thomas  B •  • Westerly,  R.  I. 

"Clark,  Henry Pawtucket,  R.  I . 

Clarke,  George  A Cranston,  R.  I . 

Coggeshall,  George  A South  Portsmouth,  R.  I. 

Coggeshall,  Peleg  S South  Portsmouth,  R.  J. 

Crandall,  J.  E.  R South  Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Crandall,  William  E South  Kingstown,  R.  1. 

Calder,  Eleanor  S.  .  •  • Providence,  R.  I. 

Capron,  Addie Providence,  R.  I. 

Capron,  Frances  A •  •  •  • Attleboro,  Mass. 

Capron,  Sarah  A Providence,  R.  I. 

Cary,  Mary  E.  . Cooper,  Me. 

Carpenter,  Elizabeth  B Providence,  R.  I. 

Carpenter,  Mary  N Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Chaffee,  Maria  A Smithfield,  R.  1. 

Chapin,  Mary  E Chicopee,  Mass. 

Chase,  Annie  C.  .  •  • • Portsmouth,  R.  I. 

Chase,  Elizabeth  J Providence,  R.  I. 

Chase,  Harriet  N Southbridge,  Mass. 

Chase,  Mary  E Providence,  R.  I . 

Cheney,  Maria  A Olneyville,  R.  I. 

Church,  Amanda Charlestown,  R.  I. 

Church,  Mary  E. Charlestown,  R.  I. 

Cleveland,  Frances  E Providence,  R.  I. 

Colburn,  Lydia  D West  Roxbury,  Mass. 

Colby,  Harriet  A . . Providence,  R.  I. 

Cole,  Marietta.  .  .   Providence,  R.  I. 

Cole,  Sarah  L Warwick,  R.  I. 

Comstock,  Catharine West  Wrentham,  Mass. 

Comstock,  Ellen West  Wrentham,  Mass. 

Comstock,  Sarah.  .  ......        ..West  Wrentham,  Ma??. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  129 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Condon,  Hannah  S 

Congdon,  Martha  R Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Cook,  Mary  F.  . Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Cook,  Samantha  M •  • Uxbridge,  Mass. 

Cook,  Sarah Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Cook,  Hannah  S • .  Holyoke,  Mass. 

Cory,  Elizabeth  J Providence,  R.  I. 

Cornell,  Ellen  E Providence,  R.  I. 

Corscaden,  Eliza  J. . •  •  Providence,  R.  I. 

Cunliff,  Mary  E Sutton,  Mass. 

Gushing,  Emily.  .  .  •  • Providence,  R.  I. 

Cutting,  Phebe  A.  .  .... Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Dawley,  Edward Bristol,  R.  I. 

Davis,  Stephen  G •  • Westport,  Mass. 

Daggett,  Hope  R Bristol,  R.  I. 

Damoth,  Sarah  E •  • Providence,  R.  I. 

Dana,  Ruth  A Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Danielson,  Emily West  Killingly,  Conn. 

Darling,  Maria  J Blackstone,  Mass. 

Darling,  Evelyn  C. Bristol,  R.  I. 

Douglass,  Charlotte  A Fall  River,  R.  I. 

Davis,  Annie  E Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Davis,  Elizabeth  R Providence,  R.  I. 

Davoll,  Harriett  B Fall  River,  R.  I. 

Dean,  Martha  W. . Providence,  R.  I. 

Delano,  Lucy  M Bath,  Me. 

DeWolf ,  Elizabeth  P South  Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Dorrell,  Elizabeth.  .  . Providence,  R.  I. 

Dustin,  Frances  P Providence,  R.  I. 

Evans,  Clinton  O. Glocester,  R.  I. 

Earl,  Mary  E.  . Pascoag,  R.  I. 

Edmonds,  Anna  E Providence,  R.  I. 

Emery,  Mary  A Portsmouth,  R.  I. 

Enches,  Mary  E Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Essex,  Maria.  .............. Providence,  R.  I. 

Essex,  Susan Providence,  R.  I. 

Evans,  Abby  A Providence,  R.  I. 

Evans,  Hannah  R Glocester,  R.  I. 

Evans,  Sophia  W Providence,  R.  I. 


130  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Fox,  Samuel  D Tuf  tonboro,  N.  H. 

Farnham,  Mary  E North  Providence,  R.  I. 

Farnham,,  Julia Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Farnham,  Mary  M •  •  •  -Westerly,  R.  I. 

Farnham,  Juliet Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Fenner,  Esther South  Scituate,  R.  I. 

Field,  Almira Providence,  R.  I. 

Field,  Eliza  M. Scituate,  R.  I. 

Fielden,  Caroline  C Great  Falls,  N.  H. 

Flagg,  Jane  I . Providence,  R. 

Forrest,  Eliza  A.  .  •  • • Providence,  R. 

Foster,  Emily  R Warren,  R. 

Foster,  Laura  B Providence,  R. 

Foster,  Mary  M.  . Johnston,  R. 

Foster,  Rebecca  M Johnston,  R. 

Freeborn,  Augusta  H Bristol,  R. 

Freeborn,  Ella  S Providence,  R.  I. 

Frost,  Mary  E Providence,  R.  I. 

Fuller,  Mary  E.  . South  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Gardiner,  Allen Jamestown,  R.  I. 

Gardner,  Thomas  W Warwick,  R.  I. 

Gardner,  Nathan  B Warren,  R.  I. 

Gooding,  Charles  H Bristol,  R.  I. 

Goodwin,  Edward  A Mansfield,  Mass. 

Gardner,  Angeline Tiverton,  R.  I. 

Gardiner,  Esther  P • Providence,  R.  I. 

Gardiner,  Sarah  E.  . Providence,  R.  I. 

Gardner,  Seraphine  A Providence,  R.  I. 

Gifford,  Elizabeth  C •  •  •  • Sandwich,  Mass. 

Gladding,  Catharine  M •  • Providence,  R.  I. 

Godfrey,  Sarah  T Providence,  R.  I. 

Goodwin,  Hannah  W Providence,  R.  I. 

Goodwin,  Harriet  L Mansfield,  Mass. 

Goodwin,  Mary  J Mansfield,  Mass. 

Gould,  Amelia  A Providence,  R.  I. 

Gould,  Catharine  F Middletown,  R.  I. 

Grant,  Adeline  C Bellingham,  Mass. 

Grant,  Martha  E Bellingham,  Mass. 

Gray,  Peace  C Tiverton,  R.  I. 

Greene,  Eliza Glocester,  R.  I. 

Greene,  Mary  E Apponaug,  R.  I. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  131 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Griffin,  Abbie  H Charlestown,  R.  I. 

Gruber,  Frances Providence,  R.  I. 

Guy,  Martha  A.  . Cambridgeport,  Mass. 

Hale,  Samuel  S Olneyville,  R.  I. 

Hambly,  John  B.  .  .  Portsmouth,  R.  I. 

Harding,  Arland  S Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Harris,  Earl  C. Providence,  R.  I. 

Hazard,  George  J South  Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Hicks,  Charles  R.  . Tiverton,  R.  I. 

Howard,  Eli  H Gayhead,  Green  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Hull,  John  K.  . South  Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Hall,  Martha  W. Providence,  R.  I. 

Hambly,  Mary  A.  B Portsmouth,  R.  I. 

Hammond,  Celia  L.  .  .  Providence,  R.  I. 

Handel,  Irena  A Hopkinton,  R.  I. 

Harris,  Mary  C.  .  Providence,  R.  I. 

Haskell,  Elizabeth  B Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Hathaway,  Belinda  O Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Hay  ward,  Almira  L.  . Foxboro,  Mass. 

Hazard,  Harriet  C Westerly,  R.  I. 

Hazard,  Lydia  C.  .  Popular  Ridge,  Cayuga  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Helme,  Harriet  J Providence,  R.  I. 

Hendrick,  Mary  E.  .  Warren,  R.  I. 

Hendrick,  Mary  J Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Heyden,  Charlotte  R.  . Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Hill,  Clarinda  E Scituate,  R.  I. 

Hodges,  Charlotte  M.  . Providence,  R.  I. 

Hopkins,  Elizabeth  C North  Foster,  R.  I. 

Hopkins,  Julia  M. Providence,  R.  I. 

Hopkins,  Lucy  E North  Foster,  R.  I. 

Hoswell,  Charlotte  R.  . Providence,  R.  I. 

Hoswell,  Jennie.  . Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Howland,  Susan Providence,  R   I. 

Hoxie,  Abbie  E Charlestown,  R.  I. 

Hoxie,  Fannie  G. South  Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Hoxie,  Mary  L Charlestown,  R.  I. 

Harriet  K.  Hull South  Kingstown,  R.  L 

Hyndes,  Catharine Providence,  R.  I. 

Irons,  Mary  T Providence,  R.  I. 

Irwin,  Amanda  T. Providence,  R.  I. 


132  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Jackson,  Fannie  M Newport,  R.  I. 

Jacobs,  Olive  T.  . Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Jenks,  Hannah  M Foster,  R.  I. 

Jenks,  Mary  L.  .  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Jones,  Caroline  A Cranston,  R.  I. 

Jones,  Mary  W.  . Newport,  R.  I. 

Knowles,  Charles  F.  . Wakefield,  R.  I. 

Knowles,  George  H. South  Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Knowles,  Horatio  N Wakefield,  R.  I. 

Keighn,  Henrietta  A. South  Scituate,  R.  I. 

Kellogg,  Lucy. Providence,  R.  I. 

Kempton,  Elizabeth  J North  Fairhaven,  Mass. 

Kinsley,  Mary  C Mendon,  Mass. 

Knowles,  Emma. South  Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Leavens,  Rosamond  R Providence,  R.  I. 

Lee,  Mary  A.  . Providence,  R.  I. 

LeGro,  Helen  J Great  Falls,  N.  H. 

Lippitt,  Ann  C.  . Providence,  R.  I. 

Liscomb,  Ellen  P Bristol,  R.  I. 

Littlefield,  Abbie  F. North  Providence,  R.  I. 

Luther,  Caroline  C Bristol,  R.  I. 

Luther,  Chlora  A. North  Scituate,  R.  I. 

Luther,  Ellen  R Bristol,  R.  I. 

Luther,  Harriet  B Bristol,  R.  I. 

Luther,  Susan  J Bristol,  R.  I. 

Lyon,  Frances  M West  Killingly,  Conn. 

Lyon,  Sarah  A Providence,  R.  I. 

Mason,  Ambrose  B Bristol,  R.  I. 

Maxfield,  Harvey Meredith,  N.  H. 

Moore,  Robert  I Providence,  R.  I. 

Morse,  Gilford Sharon.  Mass. 

Magill,  Matilda  R New  Hope,  Penn. 

Makepeace,  Caroline  E Attleboro,  Mass. 

Manchester,  Abbie  H Little  Com,pton,  R.  I. 

Manchester,  Mary  E Providence,  R.  I. 

Manchester,  Susan  A Tiverton,  R.  I. 

Martin,  Ellen  C Wrentham,  Mass. 

Martin,  Hannah  P Warren,  R.  I. 

Martin,  Phebe  M Seekonk,  Mass. 

Martin,  Sara  E ..Providence,  R.  I. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.'  133 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Martin,  Sarah  C Seekonk,  Mass. 

Mason,  Esther  A Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Mason.  Marianna Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Mason,  Sarah  L Providence,  R.  I. 

Matteson,  Martha  M Pawtucket,  Mass. 

Mathewson,  Mary  C Foster,  R.  I. 

Miller,  Helen Fruit  Hill,  R.  I. 

Millard,  Mary  E Providence,  R.  I. 

Merrill,  Lorana Westminster,  Mass. 

Merrill,  Harriet  E Great  Falls,  N.  H. 

Morse,  Mary  R Bristol,  R.  I. 

Mott,  Lydia  R New  Shoreham,  R.  I. 

Munroe,  Isadora  W Bristol,  R.  I. 

Xash,  Martha  S Seekonk,  Mass. 

Xason,  Maria  E Warwick,  R.  I. 

Xeedham,  Eliza  W Pawtuxet,  R.  I. 

Xeedham,  Leonis  M Providence,  R.  I. 

Xewell,  Harriet Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Xichols,  Helen  A Providence,  R.  I. 

Xorris,  Mary  F Bristol,  R.  I. 

XTorton,  Mary  P Providence,  R.  I. 

Norwood,  Catherine  E Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Osborne,  Caroline  F Providence,  R.  I. 

Peavey,  Lyford  G Tuftonboro',  N.  H. 

Piper,  Asa  G Tuftonboro',  N.  H. 

Piper,  Levi  T Tuftonboro',  N.  H. 

Pollock,  Charles  C South  Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Padelford.  Mary Providence,  R.  I. 

Paine.  Julia  A Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Paine,  Lydia  A Providence,  R.  I. 

Paine,  Minerva  J Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Paine,  Susan Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Palmer,  Harriet  L.  D Providence,  R.  I. 

Palmer,  Patience  A Providence,  R.  I. 

Palmer,  Sarah  M Providence,  R.  I. 

Palmgreen,  Margaretta  E Providence,  R.  I. 

Parker,  Maria  F Providence,  R.  I. 

Passmore.  Elizabeth Providence,  R.  I. 

Passmore,  Louise Providence,  R.  I. 

Patterson,  Sipheantus South  Scituate,  R.  I. 

Pearce,  Isabel  F Bristol,  R.  I. 


134  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Peaslee,  Harriet  L Haverhill,  Mass. 

Peavey,  Sarah  G Providence,  R.  I. 

Peck,  Helen  L Bristol,  R.  I. 

Peckham,  Phebe  A.  . Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Peckhami,  Rebecca  C Bristol,  R.  I. 

Pearce,  Ruby  A Providence,  R.  I. 

Perry,  Sarah  E North  Providence,  R.  I. 

Phillips,  Alsie  H Providence,  R.  I. 

Pollard,  Ermina  H Providence,  R.  I. 

Porter,  Annie  E Freetown,  Mass. 

Porter,  Harriet  E Providence,  R.  I. 

Potter,  Lydia Johnston,  R.  I. 

Pratt,  Cornelia  B Cranston,  R.  I. 

Rood,  Charles  N Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Randall,  Harriet  C Providence,  R.  I. 

Randall,  Mary Providence,  R.  I. 

Randolph,  Mary  A Trenton,  N.  J. 

Rawcliffe,  Sarah  A Cranston,  R.  I. 

Read,  Elnora Providence,  R.  I. 

Reid,  Mary  E Elmwood,  R.  I. 

Rhodes,  Ann  F Providence,  R.  I. 

Richardson,  Mary  T Providence,  R.  I. 

Robinson,  Ellen  L Foxboro,  Mass. 

Scott,  Henry  B Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Sherman,  Abiel  W Fall  River,  Mass. 

Sherman,  Moses  B South  Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Skidmore,  Joseph Providence,  R.  I. 

Southwick,  George  E Charlton,  Mass. 

Sweet,  Gilbert  A Greenville,  R.  I. 

Sweet,  John  B.,  Jr Bristol,  R.  I. 

Salisbury,  Eldora  F Warren,  R.  I. 

Salisbury,  Susan  L Warren,  R.  I. 

Salmon,  Mary Providence,  R.  I. 

Saunders,  Annie  F Providence,  R.  I. 

Sayles,  Emeline  A Providence,  R.  I. 

Sayles,  Laura  C Providence,  R.  I. 

Schofield,  Hester Providence,  R.  I. 

Scott,  Harriet  N Providence,  R.  I. 

Selden,  Mary Providence,  R.  I. 

Shaw,  Sarah Providence,  R.  I. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  135 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Shepard,  Maria  C Bristol,  R.  I. 

Sherburne,  Alice  A West  Wrentham,  Mass. 

Sherburne,  Marion  L West  Wrentham,  Mass. 

Sherman,  Harriet  E Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Sherman,  Harriet  S South  Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Shurtliff,  Annie  H Warren,  R.  I. 

Shurtliff,  Eliza  F Warren,  R.  I. 

Slocum,  Emma  T Cranston,  R.  I. 

Smith,  Adaline  P.  T Providence,  R. 

Smith,  Eliza Providence,  R. 

Smith,  Elmy  A Cranston,  R. 

Smith,  Harriet North  Scituate,  R. 

Smitk,  Harriet  N Providence,  R. 

Smith,  Helen  M Millville,  Mass. 

Smith,  Lois  L Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Snow,  Ellen  M Providence,  R.  I. 

Southwick,  Emma Millville,  Mass. 

Southwick,  Nancy  A Millville,  Mass. 

Spaulding,  Almira Providence,  R.  I. 

Spencer,  Lydia  L Warwick,  R.  I. 

Spencer,  Sarah  J Warwick,  R.  I. 

Sprague,  Helen  F Providence,  R.  L 

Sprague,  Mary  A Sutton,  Mass. 

Sprague,  Sarah  J Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Stanfield,  Rachel  B Pascoag,  R.  I. 

Stanley,  Delia  M South  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Stanton,  Kate  S Charlestown,  R.  I. 

Stanton,  Mary  E Charlestown,  R.  I. 

Steer,  Frances  M North  Providence,  R.  I. 

Steer,  Laura North  Providence,  R.  I. 

Stevens,  Margaret  A Lawrence,  Mass. 

Stone,  Anjenette Providence,  R.  I. 

Suesman,  Emma  E South  Providence,  R.  I. 

Teft,  Daniel  E South  Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Tillinghast,  Caleb  A Foster,  R.  I. 

Tillinghast,  Leonard  A Coventry,  R.  I. 

Tillinghast,  Pardon  E West  Greenwich,  R.  I. 

Tourtellotte,  Stephen West  Scituate,  R.  I. 

Tucker,  Thomas  T Charlestown,  R.  I. 

Taber,  Charlotte  A Providence,  R.  I. 

Taber,  Fannie  A Providence,  R.  I. 


136  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Taber,  Jane  H Providence,  R.  I. 

Taber,  Lydia  R New  Bedford,  Mass. 

Taber,  Sarah  J Providence,  R. 

Taft,  Emma  A Providence,  R. 

Tetlow,  Asenath Providence,  R. 

Thompson,  Isabel  B Bristol,  R. 

Tingley,  Eunice  A Providence,  R. 

Tourtellotte,  Alzada West  Scituate,  R. 

Tourtellotte,  Samondess.  .  . Scituate,  R. 

Tower,  Sarah  N Pawtucket,  R. 

Tucker,  Lydia  W. Manville,  R. 

Tweedy,  Clementine Providence,  R. 

Tyler,  Harriet  A Attleboro,  Mass. 

Weld,  Henry  A 

Whiting,  Hassam  O Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Walden,  Elizabeth  F 

Waldron,  Hannah  B Bristol,  R.  I. 

Warren,  Louise  B Bristol,  R.  I. 

Waterman,  Lucy  M Galena,  111. 

Watson,  Elizabeth  P 

Watson,  Mary  E Newport,  R.  I. 

Weeden,  Adelaide  C Pawtucket,  R.  1. 

Westcott,  Adah  D 

Westcott,  Mary  F 

Westcott,  Sarah  E 

Wmpple,  Mary  E 

Whipple,  Rosalthia  A. Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Whitf ord,  Nancy  A 

Wilbor,  Dency  A Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Wilber,  Mary  S Tiverton,  R.  I. 

Wilbour,  Emily  E 

Wilcox,  Amelia  E Westerly,  R.  1. 

Wilcox,  Candace  G Providence,  R.  I. 

Willard,  M.  Helen Warwick,  R.  I. 

Winsor,  Emily  T Providence,  R.  I. 

Winsor,  Julia  A Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Winsor,  Lucretia  E Greenville,  R.  I. 

Winship,  Susan  J Providence,  R.  I. 

Wood,  L.  Augusta Gardiner,  Mass. 

Yeaw,  Maria  E . .  Scituate,  R.  I. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  137 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Yeomans,  Eliza  J Providence,  R.  I. 

Yerrington,  Annie  M Providence,  R.  I. 

Young,  Mary  A Smithfield,  R.  I. 

From     1860  to  1865. 

Albro,  Christopher  D South  Portsmouth,  R.  I. 

Arnold,  Alfred  B Coventry,  R.  I. 

Arnold,  George  U Bristol,  R.  I. 

Adams,  Annie  J Bristol,  R.  I. 

Alexander,  Sarah  M Warwick,  R.  I. 

Allen,  Jane  M Fiskeville,  R.  I. 

Allen,  Mary Allenton,  R.  I. 

Anthony,  Sarah  M Richmond,  R.  I. 

Bailey,  Edward  C Little  Compton,  R.  I. 

Barney,  James  M Bristol,  R.  I. 

Bates,  Benoni Coventry,  R.  I. 

Bates,  Caleb  G Coventry,  R.  I. 

Borden,  A.  J Fall  River,  R.  I. 

Bradford,  William  H 

Brayman,  Henry  T Usquepaugh,  R.  I. 

Burden,  Frederick  L North  Scituate,  R.  I. 

Butterworth,  John Warren,  R.  I. 

Barney,  Eliza  K East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Barney,  Nancy  L Bristol,  R.  I. 

Bartlett,  Addie  M Burrillviile,  R.  I. 

Baylies,  Jennie  M Southbridge,  Mass. 

Bishop,  Maria  L Warren,  R.  I. 

Boss,  Lizzie  C. Newport,  R.  I. 

Bourn,  Myra Bristol,  R.  I. 

Bradford,  Annie  W Bristol,  R.  I. 

-Bradford,  Margaret  D Bristol,  R.  I. 

Bradford,  Mary  E Bristol,  R.  I. 

Briggs,  Ruth  A Warwick,  R.  I. 

Brown,  Annie  E Providence,  R.  I. 

Brown,  Clara  M East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Brownell,  Sarah  A Fall  River,  R.  I. 

Bucklyn,  Louise Providence,  R.  I. 

Bullock,  Mary  E North  Rehoboth,  Mass. 

Burdick,  Joanna Providence,  R.  I. 

Burlingame,  Ann  E River  Point,  R.  I. 

Burns,  Ellen Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Butterworth,  Alary  M . .  Warren,  R.  I. 


138  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Chase,  William  E Uxbridge,  Mass. 

Chipman,  William  M Hope  Valley,  R.  I. 

Clarke,  George  P Ashton,  R.  J. 

Cook,  Henry  E Burrillville,  R.  I. 

Cornell,  Solomon  C. North  Dartmouth,  Mass. 

Campbell,  A.  Jane North  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Campbell,  Matilda North  Attleboro,  Mass, 

Card,  Harriet Charlestown,  R.  I. 

Cargill,  Lucy  W Providence,  R.  I. 

Cargill,  Mary  H Providence,  R.  I. 

Carpenter,  Susan  A Perryville,  R.  I. 

Chace,  Emily  B Middletown,  R.  I. 

Chaffee,  Jennie  H Seekonk,  Mass. 

Church,  Matilda Bristol,  R.  I. 

Cobb,  Anna  E Providence,  R.  I. 

Cobb,  Mary East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Coggeshall,  Augusta Bristol,  R.  I. 

Cogswell,  Nellie  E Newport,  R.  I. 

Cole,  Ellen  F. Bristol,  R.  I. 

Cole,  Patience Warren,  R.  I. 

Cooke,  Emma  F Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Davis,  Edwin  W West  Killingly,  Conn. 

Davoll,  Edwin  B. Fall  River,  R.  I. 

Deming,  Maria  V Peoria,  111. 

Dixon,  Irene  F Rocky  Brook,  R.  I. 

Dodge,  Almedia  R New  Shoreham,  R.  I. 

Dudley,  Abbie  G Apponaug,  R.  I. 

Easton,  William Glendale,  R.  I. 

Easterbrooke,  Maria  L Bristol,  R.  I. 

Eddy,  Annie Warren,  R.  I. 

Eddy,  Mary  T Warren,  R.  I. 

Esten,  Isabella  C South  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Fitz,  Frank Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Fish,  Marie  A Tiverton,  R.  I. 

Follett,  Mary  E North  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Franklin,  Alice  M Bristol,  R.  I. 

Freeborn,  Hattie Bristol,    R.  I. 

Fry,  Mary  E Richmond,  R.  I. 

Gifford,  George  P. Bristol,  R.  I. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  139 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Greene,  Ellery  W Bristol,  R.  I. 

Gregory,  John  P Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Gardiner,  Sarah  P.  . .Allenton,  R.  I. 

Gardner,  Harriet  F Warren,  R.  I. 

Gilbert,  Augusta  M Phenix,  R.  I. 

Goodell,  Celeste  M Belchertown,  Mass. 

Greene,  Rebecca  I.  S Bristol,  R.  I. 

Harrison,  Peleg  D Fall  River,  R.  I. 

Heath,  Sarah  W South  Portsmouth,  R.  I. 

Honeywell,  S.  Kate Bristol,  R.  I. 

Hood,  Christina Providence,  R.  I. 

Horton,  Maria  A Rice  City,  R.  I. 

Horton,  Mary  L Rehoboth,  Mass. 

Horton,  Sophia  W North  Swansey,  Mass. 

Howland,  Sarah  W Tiverton,  R.  I. 

Inman,  George  B Burrillville,  R.  I. 

Jenckes,  Ellen  R Mapleville,  R.  I. 

Kenyon,  Henry  B Wyoming,  R.  I. 

Knowles,  Alfred  H Peace  Dale,  R.  I. 

Knowles,  Warren  B Peace  Dale,  R.  I. 

Kenyon,  Emma  C Dorrville,  R.  I. 

Kenyon.  Sarah  J Dorrville,  R.  I. 

Lansing,  Isaac  J Swansea,  Mass. 

Leach,  Henry  M Providence,  R.  I. 

Lewis,  Benjamin  T Hopkinton,  R.  I. 

Lillibridge,  Amos  A Wyoming,  R.  I. 

Lillibridge,  Charles Richmond,  R.  I. 

Lloyd,  George West  Killingly,  Conn. 

Luther,  Alfred  E Bristol,  R.  I. 

Lawless,  Mary  B North  Swansey,  Mass. 

Lawless,  Sarah  O North  Swansey,  Mass. 

LeGro,  Lizzie  J Great  Falls,  N.  H. 

Lillibridge,  Sarah  M.  .  .  Wyoming,  R.  I. 

Luther,  Sarah  M Lonsdale,  R.  I. 

Mason,  Daniel  W Bristol,  R.  I. 

Merriam,  William  W Springfield,  Mass. 

Merrill,  Moses  F North  Scituate,  R.  I. 


140  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Morse,  Andrew  B Richmond,  R.  I. 

Mann,  Dorcas  E Providence,  R.  I. 

Mann,  Emma  W North  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mason,  Hattie  D.  . Swansea,  Mass. 

Money,  Mary  E Carolina  Mills,  R.  I. 

Moore,  Hannah  B Exeter,  R.  I. 

Mowry,  Abbie  J Mapleville,  R.  I. 

Mowry,  Carrie  B Slatersville,  R.  I. 

JNoyes,  Tacy  W.  .  . Westerly,  R.  I. 

Norton,  Rowena North  Swansey,  Mass. 

Pearce,  Edward North  Swansey,  Mass. 

Paine,  Emma  M Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Peabody,  Carrie  T Newport,  R.  I. 

Pearce,  Lydia  O Warwick,  R.  I. 

Peck,  Abbie  M Nayatt,  R.  I. 

Peck,  Annie  S Bristol,  R.  I. 

Perry,  Lydia  J North  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Phelps,  Nancy  P Bristol,  R.  T. 

Pierce,  Georgiana Rockville,  R.  I. 

Pierce,  Lydia  A Somerset,  Mass. 

Pitman,  Elizabeth  H Bristol,  R.  I. 

Pitman,  Helen Bristol,  R.  I. 

Potter,  Emma  J Mapleville,  R.  I. 

Potter,  M.  Angelina Alton,  R.  I. 

Pratt,  Mary  A Mansfield,  Mass. 

Ramsdell,  Stephen  M North  Scituate,  R.  I. 

Rathbun,  Louisa  A Richmond,  R.  I. 

Rich,  Mary  E Bristol  Neck,  R.  T. 

Richmond,  Julia  A Wyoming,  R.  I. 

Smith,  Albert  A Glocester,  R.  I. 

Short,  Clara  E.  .  Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Simmons,  Mary  E Dighton,  Mass. 

Slade,  Annie  P Bristol,  R.  I. 

Slade,  Dora  P Bristol,  R.  T. 

Smith,  Hannah  B Nayatt,  R.  T. 

Smith,  Jane Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Sprague,  Abbie  A.  F Providence,  R.  I. 

Starkey,  Josephine Bristol,  R.  I. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  141 

XAME.  "  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Taft,  Anthon  C Bristol,  R.  I. 

Thompson,  Joseph  P. Bristol,  R.  I. 

Thompson,  William  E Bristol,  R.  I. 

Tilley,  William  J Bristol,  R.  I. 

Turner,  Abiah  G Warren,  R.  I. 

Tanner,  Emily  S Warwick  Neck,  R.  I. 

Tiffany,  Sarah  E Barrington,  R.  I. 

Tilley,  Susan  E Bristol,  R.  I. 

Vallet,  James  E Sprague,  Conn. 

Vincent,  Charles  G Hopkinton,  R.  I. 

Verry,  Ellen  M Blackstone,  Mass. 

Whipple,  William  A Georgiaville,  R.  I. 

Wilcox,  John  T. Warwick  Neck,  R.  I. 

Wilcox,  Lewis  T Warwick,  R.  I. 

Wilcox,  Wilson  D Old  Warwick,  R.  I. 

Wright,  Otis  O Foster,  R.  I. 

Wardwell,  Harriet Bristol,  R.  I. 

Weld,  Julia  A Providence,  R.  I. 

Whitaker,  Marietta  H Providence,  R.  I. 

Whiting,  Harriett  R Rehoboth,  Mass. 

Whiting,  Louise  M Franklin,  Mass. 

Whiting.  Mary  C Franklin,  Mass. 

Whiting,  Sarah  V Franklin,  Mass. 

Wilcox,  Emily  A Bristol,  R.  I. 

Wilcox,  Harriette  X Old  Warwick,  R.  I. 

Wildes,  Ella  F Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Williams,  Alice  P Coventry,  R.  I. 

Winsor,  Ida  A Johnston,  R.  I. 

Wood,  Lillie  H Burrillville,  R.  I. 


142  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

GRADUATES  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL 
PROVIDENCE, 
1871-1911. 


FIRST  CLASS — 23.     JUNE,  1872. 
NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Allen,  Stella  C Rumford,  R.  I. 

*Appleton,  Dora 

Armington,  Harriet  A 1630  Broad  St.,  Edgewood,  R.  I. 

Arnold,  Gertrude  E Georgiaville,  R.  I. 

Brown,  Arthur  W West  Kingston,  R.  I. 

Bucklin,  R.  Anna  €.  (Lonsdale) 22  Benefit  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Doran,  Belle  C.  (Burrows) 93  Park  Place,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Freeman,  Lester  A 93  Comstock  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hazard,  Rose  E.  G.  (Nazel) 65  Martin  St.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

McGary,  Lydia  J.   (Brown) 13  Willow  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Marble,  Sarah  (Shedd) Morse  Ave.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Murray  Lizzie  N.  A.  (Kenney) 122  Hope  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Peck,  Annie  S .Redpath  Lyceum  Bureau,  Boston,  Mass. 

Pitman,  Julia  F 6  Cranston  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Rea,  Harriet  A Barrington,  R.  I. 

Reynolds,  Mercy  (Bass) Windham,  Conn. 

Robinson,  Elizabeth  S 304  Potter  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Salisbury,  Adele  C.  (Greene) ......... .89  Park  Ave.,  Edgewood,  R.  I. 

*Snow,  Lizzie  N 

Swineburne,  Elizabeth  H 115  Pelham  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Walker,  Willard  S 142  Killingly  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Whaley,  Mary  A.  (Goff) 903  Broad  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Wood,  Mary  (Woodruff) 

SECOND  CLASS— 12.    JANUARY,  1873. 

Barnes,  Irene  C   ( Jencks) Greenville,  R.  I. 

Bodfish,  Esther  W.  (Clift) Mystic,  Conn. 

Cooke,  Emma  E 68  Marshall  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Esten,  Ida  L.  (Manchester).... 230  Brown  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Faxon,  Charles  E Nashua,  N.  H. 

Hewitt,  Harriet  E.  (Waite) 388  Prairie  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  143 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Irons,  Stephen  C Chepachet,  R.  I. 

*Owen,  Elizabeth 

Reynolds,  Amanda  E.  (Irons) North  Scituate,  R.  I.,  R.  F.  D. 

*Steere,  Martha  C 

*Tillinghast,  Iva  L.  (Phillips) 

Williams,  S.  Lizzie 67  Academy  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

THIRD  CLASS— 34.    JUNE,  1873. 

Adams,  Annie  J.  (Sweet) 25  Summer  St.,  Hyde  Park,  Mass. 

Alverson,  Eleanora  M.  (Chaffee) 

Barber,  Elizabeth  A 132  Brownell  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Beane,  Elsie  A.  (Pierce) Alverson  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Bowen,  Helen  N.   (James) 80  Carpenter  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Briggs,  Lidora  E Attleboro,  Mass. 

Chase,  Anna  P.  (Mowry) Box  224,  Manville,  R.  I. 

Child,  Nellie  M.  (Vaughn) Warren,  R.  I. 

Clark,  Belle  (White) Oakland,  R.  I. 

*Cole,  Martha  D.   (Hazard) 

Conant,  Carrie  M.   (Foss) 249  Highland  Ave.,  Somerville,  Mass. 

Drown,  Louise  F Box  765,  Warren,  R.  I. 

Harden,  Emily  J.  (Peckham) Newport,  R.  I. 

Hazard,  Ella  V.  (Newell) 40  Washington  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Hornby,  Annie  M.   (Hodges),  Meadow  and  South  Sts.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Hussey,  Emma  P 3  Gould's  Place,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Kenyon,  Emma  F.  ( Crandall) Westerly,  R.  I. 

Livesey,  Mary  D.  (Perry) 60  Exchange  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Paine,  Elizabeth  C.  (Quimby) Lyndon,  Vt. 

Potter,  Minnie  P.  (Hicks) Bristol  Ferry,  R.  I. 

*Pratt,  Lizzie  F 

Sherman,  Lizzie  C.  (Kilburn) 264  County  St.,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

Simmons,  Hattie  B 350  High  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Sisson,  Alice  M.  (Howland) . Hope,  R.  I. 

Snow,  Sophie  P.  (Knight) 297  Elmwood  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Steere,  Helen  M 

*Stone,  Ellen  (Bates)  . . 

*Sutton,  Emma  F.  (Harden) 

*Swift,  Clara  L 

Thornton,  Ella  M.  (Remington) West  Wickford,  R.  I. 

*Tompkins,  Eleanor  L.  (Walker) 


*  Deceased. 


144  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

White,  Emma  H 120  Forest  St.,  Winchester,  Mass. 

Wood,  Carrie  A 10  Constitution  St.,  Providence,  R.  1. 

Wood,  Sarah  E.  (Kent) East  Providence,  R.  I. 

FOURTH  CLASS — 23.    JANUARY,  1874. 

*Ashworth,  Sarah. 

*Ballou,  Desire  F.  (Murray) 

*Booth,  Sarah  J 

Case,  Mattie Portland,  Oregon. 

Church,  Helen  A.  (Jones)  •  • Seely,  Kansas. 

Clarke,  Minnie  L.  (Church) Warren,  R. 

Collins,  Amy  F 221  Smith  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Dodge,  Harriet  J.  (Alers) 28  Boston  St.,  East  Providence,  R. 

Enches,  Alice  G.  (Vose) 610  Park  Ave.,  Woonsocket,  R. 

Goff,  Cornelia  M 120  Williams  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R. 

Griswold,  Fannie   (Case) 95  Grove  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R. 

Hayward,  S.  Emma  (Appleton) 186  Transit  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Irons,  Ida  R.  (Phillips) Davisville,  R.  F.  D.,  R. 

Kiernan,  Mary  E.  (Wilson,  Jr.) Washington,  D.  C. 

*Mason,  Ada  E 

*Mowry,  S.  Nellie  (Mowry) 

*Murray,  M.  Addie 

Perry,  H.  Emma  (Rounds) R.  F.  D.  1,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Pitcher,  Frances  I.  (Parker) Kenesau,  Nebraska. 

Place,  Cora  E.  (Taber) Auburn,  Placer  County,  Cal. 

Tinkler,  Rosa  H.  (Chase) 76  Sorrento  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

White,  Rebecca  H.   (Chace) 56  Glenham  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Winsor,  Ellen  F.  (Smith) Oak  Knoll  Farm,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

FIFTH  CLASS — 15.     JUNE,  1874. 

Angell,  Orra  A Greenville,  R.  I. 

Clarke,  M.  Belle  (Pease) 3  Kneeland  St.,  Maiden,  Mass. 

Durf ee,  Lydia  S 26  Portland  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Eaton,    Mary    E Greeley,  Col. 

Gardner,  Ida  M 14  Larch  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Huling,  Susan  E.  (Beeman) 25  Harrison  Ave.,  Taunton,  Mass. 

Hull,  Clara  L.  (Leland) 683  Public  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Kenyon,  Annie  E.   (Perce) 129  Cypress  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  145 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

*Kerr,  Jessie    (Cross) 

'Nichols,    Orianna • 

*Phillips,  O.  Lillis  (Dean) 

Rathbun,  Lydia  S.  (Tilley) 61  Oak  St.,  Hyde  Park,  Mass. 

Taylor,  Elia  S.    (Smith) Nayatt,  R.  I. 

Tilley,  Mary  S 7  Mann  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Thompson,  Alice  E.    (Higbee) Newport,  R.  I. 

SIXTH  CLASS — 19.     JANUARY,  1875. 

Aborn,  Louise  L.   (Peck) 113  Waterman  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Alexander,  Stella  M.  (Wilcox) 181  Angell  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Aylesworth,  Frances  W 10  Warner  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Booth,  Lucy  (  Burrows 

*Gardiner,  Madeline  E.   (Aylesworth) 

Griswold,  Clara  (Sampson) 95  Grove  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Hagan,  Emmagene  A 

*Kenyon,  Ida  M 

Marble,  Harriet  J.  (Mowry) 40  Highland  Ave.,  Fitchburg,  Mass. 

Manchester,  Mary  C.  (Winslow) 50  Elton  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mowry,  Lucie  P.  (Sunderland) East  Providence,  R.  L 

McNaughton,  Lilly 60  Plenty  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Newell,  M.  Estelle 42  Summit  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  L 

Saunders,  Ella  C.  (Higgins) . . .  .1992  Milwaukee  Ave.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Sprague,  Lydia  C.  (Sayles) Uxbridge,  Mass. 

*Troop,  Edith  A 

Waterman,  Susan  E.   (Handy) Manville,  R.  I. 

Weeks,  Clara  S.  (Shaw) Sherburne  Farm,  Mountainville,  N.  Y. 

Williams,  Ida  R. (Brown) , 

SEVENTH  CLASS — 14.  JUNE,  1875. 

Brown,  Sarah  W.  A Box  218,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Cady,  Mary  K.  (Witcher) 598  Public  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Dennis,  Benjamin  L 884  Broad  St.,  Providence,  R.  L 

Freeman,  Sarah  E.  (Carpenter) 55  High  St.,  Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Gardiner,  Carrie  P 35  Wesleyan  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hartshorn.  Annie  (Tillinghast) 99  Adelaide  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Horton,  Sarah  L.  (Williams) 50  Doyle  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Patterson,  Ernestine 198  East  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

*Pearce,  Ida  L.  (Crawford) 


*  Deceased. 


146  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

*Remington,  Carrie  C 

Theil,  Mary  L.  (Perkins) 212  Power  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Tyler,  Nabbia  E.  (Kennedy) Moosup  Valley,  Conn. 

White,  Viola  M Gorham,  Me. 

Whitehead,  Martha  A.  (Smith) 20  Vine  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

EIGHTH  CLASS — 10.    JANUARY,  1876. 

Church,  Carrie  P 206  S  St.,  N.  E.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Cook,  Alice  A 76  Hamlet  Ave.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

*Greene,    Albert 

Griswold,  Inez   ( Chaff ee) East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Horton,  Victor  F 40  Gilmore  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Luft,  Wilhelmina  A.   (Housenstein) .  .120  Peace  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Magnus,  Anna  C 39  Dartmouth  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Noonan,  Ellen  T.  (McGuinness) 131  Hope  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Rhodes,  Cornelia  H.  V 

Taft,  M.  Ella  (Brownell) 602  Tucker  St.,  Fall  River,  Mass. 

NINTH  CLASS — 10.    JUNE,  1876. 

Aldrich,  Genevieve  E.  (Wilson) Millville,  Mass. 

Briggs,  Helen  L.  (Vreeland) 517  West  70th  St.,  Englewood,  111. 

*Esten,  Mrs.  Rhoda  A 

Fraser,  Mary  A.   (Percival) 292  Sheffield  Ave.,  Chicago,  111. 

Gardiner,  Ida  E.  (Meader) 14  White  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Mowry,  Eliza  A.   (Bliven) R.  F.  D.,  Brooklyn,  Conn. 

Macomber,  Alice  J Westerly,  R.  I. 

Richardson,  Mary  J 38  Phenix  Ave.,  Cranston,  R.  I. 

*Stone,  Carrie  I.   (Hall) 

Williams,  Betsey  A 2079  Broad  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

TENTH  CLASS — 8.     JANUARY,  1877. 

Brown,  Phillip  A Middletown,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Greene,  Mary  A 121  Benevolent  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Kelley,  Solon  C Laurel  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Maine,  Susan  F.  (Silver) 66  North  Walnut  St.,  East  Orange,  N.  J. 

Roper,  Loretta  J.   (Farnham) 132  Bridgham  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Schaeffer,  Annie  B 

Turner,  Em-ma  N.  F.  (Edwards) Peace  Dale,  R.  I, 

Vaughn,  Caroline  A.. 77  Sycamore  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  147 

XAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

ELEVENTH  CLASS — 11.     JUNE,  1877. 

Brady,  Ellen  M.  (McCabe) 68  Sayles  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

*Campbell,  Annie  L,  (Whipple) 

Farrell,  Catherine  M.  (Monahan), 

223  Wickenden  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Freeman,  Phila  F.  ( Monroe) 

French,  Isabel  C Wakefield,  R.  I. 

*Kent,  Ida  C 

Xoyes.  Abbie  C 70  South  Main  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Paine,  Harriet  B.   (Wheeler) 100  Market  St.,  Campello,  Mass. 

*Remington,  Louise  P 

Shippee,  Elmer  W 24  Spring  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Vedder.  Susan  M.   (Koerner) Auburn,  R.  I. 

TWELFTH  CLASS— 13.    JANUARY,  1878. 

Allen,  Grace  G.   (Nealy) 27  Cabot  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Bates,  Idella  F Oaklawn,  R.  I. 

Cheever,  Helen  N.  (Morris) 264  Boylston  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Danforth,  Ella  S 11  Loring  St.,  Lowell,  Mass. 

Goddard,  Estella  M.    (Waters) Auburn,  R.  I. 

Hall,  Corbelle   (Judkins) East  Providence  Centre,  R.  I. 

James,  Emma  E.  (Bates) West  Greenwich  Centre,  R.  I. 

Miller.   Mary  C 

Xoyes,  Edwin  A East  Greenwich,  R.  I. 

Olmstead,  Elmina  S 189  Wayland  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Phillips.  Earnest  W Cowesett,  R.  I. 

Roberts,  Alice  L.  (Byrnes) 67  Kenyon  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Thompson,  Elizabeth  M.  (Wheelock) North  Attleboro,  Mass. 

THIRTEENTH  CLASS — 7.    JUNE,  1878. 

Barnes,  Berta  E.   (Bigelow) Blackstone,  Mass. 

Briggs,  Mary  J.   (Hoxie,  Jr.) Quonocontaug,  R.  I. 

Kent,  Sophie  B 834  Thirteenth  St.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

*Porter.  Esther  J.  A 

*Sheldon,  Imogene  E.   (Rodman) 

Whipple,  Hattie  E.  (Wheeler) 48  Glenham  St.,  Providence,  R.  T. 

Wood.  Leona  M Hillsboro  Upper  Valley,  N.  H. 


Deceased. 


148  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

FOURTEENTH  CLASS — 10.    JANUARY,  1879. 

Blackburn,  Ella 1349  Eddy  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Collins,  Marianna  (Clark) 

Harrington,  Ida  S.    (Johnson) 34  Behnont  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Horton,  S.  Jennie    (Lawder) 37  Avon   St.,  Waken"  eld,  Mass. 

Lawton,  Martha  S.  (Clarke) Phenix,  R.  I. 

*Lent,  Laura  C.   (Carpenter) 

Peterson,  M.  Louise . 

Smith,  Mary  F.   (Viets) West  Acton,  Mass. 

Wells,  Ida  L.  (James) 290  Vermont  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Whiting,  Elmira  E 23  Grove  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

FIFTEENTH  CLASS — 15.    JUNE,  1879. 

Allen,  Eva  B.  (Madison) East  Greenwich,  R.  F.  D.  1,  R.  I. 

Beane,  Lucy  N 10  Hammond  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Case,  Sarah  E 312  Oak  St.,  Portland,  Oregon. 

Coggeshall,  Abby  B.  (Stevens) El  Paso,  Texas. 

Cowell,  Hattie  P.   (Holt) 146  Sheldon  St.,  Pawtuxet,  R.  I. 

Farrell,  Anna  T 405  Public  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Holmes,  Ida  J 92  Magazine  St.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Hopkins,  Martha 203  West  Springfield  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Hall,  George   P 408  Union   St.,  Arlington,  R.  I. 

Kenyon  Irene  (Browning) 39  Underwood  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Locke,  Alice  E.  (Park) 611  Gilman  St.,  Palo  Alto,  Cal. 

*McCloskey,  Mary  G.   (Hayes) 

Moffitt,  Flora  J Lowell,  Mass. 

Short,  Ella  M.   (Barrett) Jackson  College,  Jackson,  Miss. 

Silone,  Josephine  A.  (Yates) 2122  Tracy  Ave.,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

SIXTEENTH  CLASS— 8.     JANUARY,  1880. 

Bryant,  Ursula  B.  (Kelley) 

Campbell,  Annie  E 138  Brownell  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Day,  Abbie  D.    (Curtiss) Harrison,  Me. 

*Eastwood,  Alice  J.   ( Sawyer) 

*Getchell,    Helen 

Hicks,  Edward  R. Bristol  Ferry,  R.  I. 

*Pearce,  Henry  A 

Taylor,  A.  Florence  (Andem), 

42  Edgewood  St.,  Roxbury  Dist.,  Boston,  Mass. 

*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  149 


XAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

SEVENTEENTH  CLASS — 11.    JUNE,  1880. 

Colgan,  Margaret  1.  (Hill) 122  Farmington  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gardiner,  Elizabeth  W Warren,  R.  I. 

Gilbert,  William  H 1605  Chapel  St.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Graham,  Alice  D 99  North  Main  St.,  Springfield,  Mass. 

*Jones,  Martha  D 

*Kelly,  Manly  S 

*Malkin,  Nellie  M 

McEntee,  Mary  A.  (de  Chantal) Mt.  de  Sales,  Cantonsville,  Md. 

*Phillips,  Elizabeth  K 

Smith,  C.  Winthrop Reading,  Mass. 

Wood,  Angeline  H.   (Arnold) Touisset,  Mass. 

EIGHTEENTH  CLASS — 10.    JANUARY,  1881. 

Alexander,  Nellie  F.   (Wilcox) 89  Messer  St,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Bushee,  Rachel  L. 5  Second  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Gray,  Ida  J.    (Woodard) Mapleville,  R.  I. 

Heath,  Florence  N.  (Church) Barrington  Centre,  R.  I. 

Jollie,  Lillian  N.  (Thacher) 21  Garden  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

*Linton,  Jennie  A.  (McAuliffe) 

Moore,  Josephine  G 1639  Pearl  St.,  Denver,  Col. 

Peace,  Henrietta  (Chase) Prudence  Island,  R.  I. 

Wellman.  Mrs.  Almira  R.  (Sampson) 34  Center  St.,  Putnam,  Conn. 

White,  Kate  A 3757  Forest  Ave.,  Chicago,  111. 

NINETEENTH  CLASS— 8.    JUNE,  1881. 

Ames,  Julia  P.  (Fuller) 79  Charles  Field  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Frye,  Emma 383  Jackson  St.,  Willimantic,  Conn. 

Gage,  Ellen  1 85  Waverly  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gorman,  Eliza  F 76  Beaufort  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Lewis.   S.  Josephine 

Read,  Emma  F 75  Wood  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Scribner,  Wrillis  S 

\Vright.  Lola  R.  (Miller) 67  Keene  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

TWENTIETH  CLASS — 14.    JANUARY,  1882. 

Angell,  Emma  A.  (Hawkins) 618  Smith  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Barker,  Mabel  A.  (Mason) 46  Arch  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Chandler.  Grace  D 70  Montello  St.,  Roslindale,  Mass. 


*  Deceased. 


150  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Cowell,    Myra   E Greenville,  R.  I. 

*Cornell,  Mary  A.   (Darrah) 

Cirmmings,  Ada  B 311  Park  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Farrell,  Emma  F 465  Public  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hall,  Hannah  A.  (Hopkins) Summit,  R.  I. 

Hopkins,  Harriet  R 77  West  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Hunt,  C.  Estelle  (Mathewson) 2  Putnam  Place,  Roxbury,  Mass. 

Luther,  Ella  F.  (Allen) 242  South  Main  St.,  Warren,  R.  I. 

Mason,  Elizabeth  W Warren,  R.  I. 

*Peckham,  Alice  M.  (Gardiner) 

Wightman,  J.  Lewis 245  Nut  Ave.,  Maiden,  Mass. 

TWENTY-FIRST  CLASS — 9.    JUNE,  1882. 

*Adams,  Harriet  E 

Bailey,  John  H.,  Jr Box  290,  Bristol,  R.  I. 

*Barber,  Stillman  H.  G 

*Boss,  Lucy  A 

Brockway,  Blanche   (Chapman) 95  Atwells  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Durfee,  Martha  B.  (Harris).  .345  Waterman  Ave.,  E.  Providence,  R.  I. 

Fowler,  Frances  H 364  Doyle  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gould,  Orlando  A.  (Everett) Franklin,  Mass. 

Pond,  Ellen  H.  A.  (Smith) .  .1010 y2  Guerrero  St.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

TWENTY-SECOND  CLASS — 11.    JANUARY,  1883. 

*Baker,  Clara  L 

Baton,  Hannah  A Box  85,  East  Greenwich,  R.  I. 

*Carpenter,    Hettie    P.    (Morse) 

Harlow,  Chauncey  P..S.  E.  Cor.  12th  and  Race  Sts.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Ide,  Edith  A.   (Whittaker) .  .625  Taunton  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Johnson,  Mary  B.  (Woodward) 2703  Camp  St.,  New  Orleans,  La. 

Lawson,  Mary  A 54  Hudson  St.,  Dover,  N.  J. 

Lord,  Georgietta  F.  (Kurd).  1297  Narragansett  Blvd.,  Edgewood,  R.  I. 

Martin,  Abbie  M.  (Turner) 429  Madison  St.,  Vandalia,  111. 

*Saunders,   Frederick   H . 

Tarbox,  Effie  L.  (Cargill) Abbott  Run,  R.  I. 

TWENTY-THIRD  CLASS — 8.     JUNE,  1883. 

Armstrong,  Josephine  (Wilcox)  .  .233  Worcester  Block,  Portland,  Ore. 
Clemence,  Mary  A 475  Greenville  Ave.,  Johnston,  R.  I. 


*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  151 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Fleming,  Elizabeth  H.   (Tracy) ...  .44  Hawes  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Jeffers,  Jennie 22  Sterry  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

McMaster,  Geneva  (Deaett) 100  Russell  Ave.,  E.  Providence,  R.  I. 

Stephens,   Weltha   A.    (Buckingham) Seattle,    Washington. 

Thomas,  Lena  A.  ( Whittemore) North  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Winslow,  Julia  E. Waterville,  Me. 

TWENTY-FOURTH  CLASS — 9.    JANUARY,  1884. 

»Carey,  Mary  T.  S 129  Pine  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Clemence,  Ida  M 475  Greenville  Ave.,  Johnston,  R.  I. 

*Fyffe,  Maggie  S 

Gardner,  Gertrude  L. 420  Meridian  St.,  East  Boston,  Mass. 

Howard,  Walter  L Honolulu,  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Hoxie,  Sarah R.  F.  D.  1,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Joslin,   Eudora  E. 290  Friendship  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mason,  Martha  E Warren,  R  I. 

Straight,  Hattie  E.  (Campbell)  .158  Warren  Ave.,  E.  Providence,  R.  I. 

TWENTY-FIFTH  CLASS — 11.    JUNE,  1884. 

Barbour,  Nellie  F.   (Jenks) Ashton,  R.  I. 

Beard,  Minnie 38  Blackstone  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Brainard,  Eva  E.  (Taft) Kennett  Square,  Pa. 

Dewsnap,  Jane 598   Broadway,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Farrell,  Elizabeth  J.  A 49  Trask  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gorman,  Annie  L 62  Princeton  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*King,   Annie   M 

Nichols,  Angie  E Summit,  R.  I. 

Osborne,   Mary  G Warren,  R.  I. 

Spencer,  George  Wm.,  Jr 

*Wheelock,  Aurilla  C 

TWENTY- SIXTH  CLASS— 6.     JANUARY,  1885. 

Boss,  Caroline North  Scituate,  R.  I. 

Cunningham,  Ida 67  Dorchester  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Frost,  Ida  L.   (Stenhouse) South  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Higgins,  Minnie  B 

Hindley,  Clarissa  A.  (Tomlinson) 32  Irving  St.,  Worcester,  Mass. 

Scholefield,  C.  Howard 21  Platt  St.,  Albion,  N.  Y. 


Deceased. 


152  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

TWENTY- SEVENTH  CLASS — 12.     JUNE,  1885. 

Barker,  Ida  Alice  (Barney) Barrington  Centre,  R.  I 

Butler,  Margaret  Genevieve 33  Gooding  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I 

McLoughlin,  Mary  Ellen 107  Washington  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I 

Phetteplace,  Estella  Jenckes. . .  .316  South  Main  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I 

Southwick,  Mary  Elsie  (Sprague) 80  Cottage  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I 

Tabor,  Walter  Holman 24  Bracken  St.,  Arlington,  R.  I 

Tanner,  Corrie  Usher Champion  St.,  Fruitvale,  Cal 

Thomas,  Mary  Etta 56  Webster  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

Waterman,  Elsie  Carpenter 340  Broadway,   Pawtucket,  R. 

Westcott,   Jennie    Marie Riverpoint,  R. 

Whipple,  Cora  Lepha   (Wood) Harris ville,  R. 

Young,  Susanna   (Cushing) 55  Waterman  St.,  Providence,  R. 

TWENTY-EIGHTH  CLASS — 13.    JANUARY,  1886. 
Alexander,  Emma  Augusta  (Downey).. 6  West  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Angell,  Ruth  Persia  (Gould) 3  West  River  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Barbour,  Edna  Louise 

Battye,  Etta  Anna  (Osborne) 35  Greene  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Bo  wen,  Amy  Frances 25  Second  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Brown,  Emma  Elizabeth 

Cushing,  Nora  Barney  (Nicholson), 

Edgemoorness,  Stornoway,  Scotland. 

D'Arcy,  Elizabeth  Josephine 22  Moore  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Estes,  Susie  Rebecca  (McCulloch) 15  Greene  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Haskell,  Imogene  Frances  (Staples) .  .21  Sackett  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Tucker,  Calvin  Dighton 

Whitford,  Ruth  Brown    (Bowen) Washington,  R.  I. 

Wright,  Ada  Frances  (Houston) Broad  St.,  Charleston,  W.  Va. 

TWENTY-NINTH   CLASS— 12.     JUNE,   1886. 

Crane,  Annie  Genevieve 125  Abbott  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Darrah,  Annie  Louise 78  Congdon  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Estes,  Clarissa  Sophia  (Watjen) Box  212,  Warren,  R.  I. 

Fitch,  Adelaide  Tiffany   (Willison) Tiverton,  R.  I. 

Johnston,  Emily  Marie 77  West  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

*Lovett,  Carrie  Marie 

Marshall,    Etta    Jane 

Miller,  Edith  Sybil  (Johnson) 17  Charles  St.,  Pawtucket  R.  I. 


*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  153 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Roe,  Margreita  Geraldine  (Scales), 

740  Washington  St.,  Dorchester,  Mass. 

Udell,   Annie  Elizabeth 49  Abbott   St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Williams,  Alice  Amelia 212  Providence  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Worcester,  May  Alice  (Johnson) Suncook,  New  Hampshire. 

THIRTIETH  CLASS — 12.    JANUARY,  1887. 

Baker,  Alice  Maud 151  Beacon  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Carpenter,  Mary  Lovina R.  F.  D.  No.  2,  Rehoboth,  Mass. 

*Casey,  Mary  Elizabeth 

Cavanaugh,  Catherine  Elizabeth Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Felt,   May  Lawrence    (Ferris) Mather   School,   Beaufort,  S.  C 

Hanrahan,  Kate  Anneta. Box  172,  Warren,  R.  I. 

Hayward.  Mary  Elizabeth  (Gilbert) 68  Doane  St.,  Cranston,  R.  I. 

Kennedy,  Jane  Olivia 183   Pearl  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Livsey,  Annie  Mary Compton,  R.  -I. 

Manning,  Harriet  Elliot  (Knight), 

1503  Mondawmin  Ave.,  Baltimore,  Md. 

McCusker,    Margaret   Jane Albany,  N.  Y. 

McXale.  Mary Bristol,  R  I. 

THIRTY-FIRST  CLASS— 27.     JULY,  1887. 

Armstrong,  Flora  Lillian North  Attleboro,  Mass 

Brown,  Annie  Snow Barrington,  R.  I. 

Cavanaugh,  Margaret  Maria Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Church,  Claudia  Herbert  (Hathaway),  12  Slocum  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Cook,  Anna  Louise  (Gardiner) 

Cook,  Mabel  Gertrude   (Tabor) 24  Bracken  St.,  Arlington,  R.  I. 

Cushman.  Franklin  Richmond 19  Bellevue  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Davison,  May  Ella 72  Prospect  St.,  Willimantic,  Conn. 

Doran,  Katharine  Frances 85  Power  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Dow,  Minnie  Frances  (Chased 120  Pitman  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Haskell,   Oscar  Ellsworth Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Hunt,  Louise  Linda Worcester,  Mass. 

Kelly,  Sarah  Ellen .123  Manning  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Kenyon,  Florence  Ruth 180  Lockwood  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

King.  Emma  Alice Howard,  R.  I. 

Matteson,  Susan  Adeline 170  Garden  St.,  Auburn,  R.  I. 

Morris.  Phebe  Elizabeth 957  North  Main     St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*  Deceased. 


154  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Mugan,  Mary  Anne  Stanislaus 41  Trask  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Nickerson,  Stella  Freeman   (Peterson), 

18  Young  Orchard  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Olney,  Mary  Elizabeth 138  Smithfield  Road,   Providence,  R.  I. 

Randall,  Annie  Congdon  (Childs) .  .263  Potter  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Ryan,  Elizabeth  Agnes    (Sullivan)  ; Hartford,  Conn. 

*Sherman,  Clara  Etta   (Lee) 

Tucker,  Jenny  Esther  ( Baker) El  Monte,  Cal. 

Waite,  Mabel  Eunice  Alice  (O'Neil).lOS  Ontario  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Westcott,  Agnes  Shaw  (Swinton) 816  Sixth  Ave.,  Seattle,  Wash. 

Yeaw,   Laura   Stanley Hope  Valley,  R.  I. 

THIRTY- SECOND  CLASS — 11.    JANUARY,  1888. 

Austin,   Helen   Maria Taunton,  Mass. 

Battye,  Eva  Edna 23   Greene   St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Birse,  Willianna 26  Bennington  St.,  Quincy,  Mass. 

Cobb,  Nellie  Augusta  (Richards)  ...  .264  Dudley  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Crumley,    Matilda Lonsdale,  R.  I. 

Hamlet,  Bertha  Abbie Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Harrington,  Elizabeth  Theresa East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Robertson,  Mary  Sproat   (Loud).. 43  Whitfield  St.,  Dorchester,  Mass. 

Sullivan,  Mary  Elizabeth 60  Glenhami  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Tifft,  Belle  Josephine 7  Lee  St.,  Somerville,  Mass. 

Whipple,  Ellen  Maria  ( Angell) Box  36,  Ashton,  R.  I. 

THIRTY-THIRD  CLASS — 14.    JUNE,  1888. 

Adams,   Annie   L.   V Warren,  R.  I. 

Butler,  Agnes  Jane Morristown,  Florida. 

Drew,  Helen   Maria    (Moore) Strafford,  Vt. 

Dronsfield,  Edith   (Hopkins) 141  Temple  St.,  Fredonia,  N.  Y. 

Eldridge,  Annie  Elizabeth    (Sheldon) Phenix,  R.  I, 

Fancher,  Alice  Emma  (Peckham) .  .85  Waterman  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gordon,   Susie  Lavina North   Attleboro,  Mass. 

Grinnell,  Annie  Florence Tiverton,  R.  I. 

Jencks,  Beta  Mary  (Fairbanks) Pacific  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

King,  George  Whipple 2  Magnolia  Ave.,  Holyoke,  Mass. 

Smith,  Alice  E.   (Smithson) 123  Fourth  Ave.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Staples,   George  Henry 648   Potter  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Strater,  Elizabeth  Augusta 174  Oxford  St.,  Providence,  R.  I 

Virgin,  Ellen  Lavina 25  Preston  St.,  Providence,  R.  I 


*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  155 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

THIRTY-FOURTH  CLASS — 16.    JANUARY,  1889. 

Allin,   Mary  Milton    (Black) Warren,  R.  1. 

Ball,  Irving  Oscar Hotel  Hamilton,  Washington,  D.  C 

Bennett,  Catherine  DeSayles 114  High  St.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Bradford,  Bertha  Louise 567  South  Main  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Greene,  Annie  Lavina    (Brown) Harmony,  R.  I. 

Hurley,  Dora  Jane  (Black) 207  Broadway,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Johnson,  Emma  Lucy  (Appleby)  .  .132  Stanwood  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 
Larry,  Edith  White   (Lee).... 40  East  Manning  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mowry,  Afobie  Harris 179  Doyle  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mowry,  Jesse  B Chepachet,  R.  I. 

Xisbet,  Emma 49   George  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Phelps,    Mary   Matilda    (Webster) 

*Remington,   Mary  Ann 

Saunders,  Martha  Estella  (Ring).... 2  Magnolia  Ave.,  Holyoke,  Mass. 

Wheaton,  Laura  Antoinette  (Ackley) 534  47th  St.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Wilson,  Ella  Jane    (Atchison) Slatersville,  R.  I. 

THIRTY-FIFTH   CLASS— 8.     JUNE,  1889. 

Boyden,  Lillia  May  (Keach) Box  103,  Greenville,  R.  I. 

Bragg,  Mabel  Caroline. Braggville,  Mass. 

Gifford,  Agnes  Lydia 402  East  50th  St.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Johnson,  Jennie  Hamilton 168  Walnut  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Kindelan,  Mary  Alice 270  Branch  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Kirby,  Ella  Margaret 

Mason,  Ada  Annie  (Abele) Harberth,  Pa. 

White,  Nellie  Christina   (Hooker) 17  Park  St,  Barre,  Vt, 

THIRTY-SIXTH  CLASS — 18.     JANUARY  1890. 

Crowell,  Carrie  Jones 68  Laura  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Davis,  Mary  Emily  (Woolley) 157  Eugenie  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

*Dea,  Isabella  Wylie   (Ashmore) 

Dwyer,  Katharine  Maria 22  East  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Ellis,  Jennie  Lois 9   Nickerson   St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Harry,  Annie Pettaconsett,  R.  I, 

Hindley,  Emma  (Pennoyer) 7  College  St.,  Halifax,  N.  S.,  Canada. 

*Hines,  Anna  Clotilda  (Smith) 

Hines,  Margaret  (McGunagle Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Kelleher,  Charlotte  Louise  (Murray). 283  George  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


*  Deceased. 


156  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Kendall,  Flora  Mabel  (Niven).120  Rochambeau  Av.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Morgan,  Ida  Anna 2270  Pawtucket  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Nuss,  Mary  Margaret Harrison  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

*Owen,   Katherine   Theresa 

Povey,  Adelina  Sarah 225  Connecticut  Ave.,  New  London,  Conn. 

Sherman,  Ruth  Ella Kingston,  R.  I. 

*Sleeper,  Georgie  Inez 

Whipple,  Inez  Luanne  (Wilder). 72  Dryads  Green,  Northampton,  Mass. 

THIRTY- SEVENTH   CLASS — 19.     JUNE,  1890. 

Almy,    Valentine Auburn,  R.  I. 

Boles,  Agnes 184  Fountain  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I, 

Butler,  Ella  Tower Marshfield,  Coos  Co.,  Oregon. 

Cullen,  Bridget  Lauretta Berkeley,  R.  I. 

Cullen,  Sarah  Louise 87  Gooding  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Douglas,  Editha  Simmons   (Hodges), 

136  Prairie  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Earle,  Ruth  Cook 19  Clarke  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Fisher,  Lizzie  Isabel 160  Bath  St.,  Providence,  R.  I, 

Geary,   Mary  Josephine 162   Orms    St.,  Providence,  R.  I, 

Healey,  Sarah  Jane  Elizabeth 224  Prairie  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hurley,  M.  Lila 36  East  George  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Lincoln,  Minerva   (Haskell) 100  Greenwood  St.,  Auburn,  R.  I. 

*Maxwell,  Luthera  (Tiffany) 

Miett,  Mary  Matilda 75  Lenox  Ave.,  East  Orange,  N.  J. 

Murr,  Minnie  Amanda  (Christie),  121  S.  Catherine  St.,  La  Grange,  111. 

Niles,   Minnie  Estelle 108  Evergreen  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

O'Connor,  Josephine    (McCabe) Glendale,  R.  I. 

Smith,    Bertha    Burgess Barrington,  R.  I. 

Tillinghast,  Mary  Isabelle 288  Potter  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I, 

THIRTY-EIGHTH  CLASS — 13.    JANUARY,  1891. 

Bellows,   Annie   Tower R.  F.  D.,  Manville,  R.  I. 

Bellows,  Carrie    Maria R.  F.  D.,  Manville,  R.  I. 

*Brown,   Elizabeth    (Heath) 

Edwards,  Sarah  Bay   (Brown) Morse  Ave.  Westboro,  Mass, 

Fletcher,    Sarah 158    Pearl  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gray,  Lizzie  Thomas Tiverton,  R.  I. 

Humphrey,  Josie  Nelson    (Williams) New   London,  N.  Y. 


*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  157 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Jenkins,  Emma  Frances 89  Gainsborough   St,  Boston,  Mass. 

Matteson,  Anna  Stanton R.  F.  D.,  Saunderstown,  R.  I. 

Matteson,  Hortense  Allen  (Booth).. 3  Lake  Place,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Maxwell,   Mabel  Everett Warren,  R.  I. 

McAvoy,  Mary  Ellen 9  Walnut  St.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

*Tinkham,  Fannie  Rose  (Marble) 


THIRTY-NINTH  CLASS— 11.    JUNE,  1891. 

Barton,  Emma  Frances Box  102,  Warren,  R.  I, 

Briggs,  Nellie  Emma 147  Sycamore  St.,  Winter  Hill,  Mass. 

Carpenter,  Abbie  Estelle  (Hill) 199  Park  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass 

Cole,  Hattie  Leavitt 72  Prospect  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Esten,  Cora  Jeanette  (Gory) Ill  Fountain  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hilton,  Henrietta  Colbeck  (Broadbent), 

321  Providence  St.,  Woonsocket,  R. 

*  Peterson,  Matilda East  Providence  Centre,  R. 

Todsen,  Sarah  Jane 11  Ninth  St.,  Fall  River,  Mas  . 

Turner,  Bertha  Maria 181  Pleasant  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Williams,   Ruth   Mabel    (Hill) Phenix,  R. 

Gardiner,  Cora  Mabel  (Manton),  186  Waterman  St.,  Providence.  R. 


FORTIETH  CLASS — 15.    JANUARY,  1892. 

Bullock,  Sarah  Jane 208  East  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Capron,  Maude  Estelle 147  Tremont  St.,  Ansonia,  Conn. 

Cawley,  Anna  Gertrude 198  Juniper  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Cole,  Roby  Anna  (Welch) 15  George  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Deering,  Jeanne  M.  Maria Riverpoint,  R.  I. 

Grant,  Grace  Maud 7  Star  St,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Hunt,  Amanda R.  F.  D.  No.  2,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Jilson,  Elizabeth  Alvira  (Mealey) Holtville,  Cal. 

Murphy,  Ellen  Nora  Irene- •• -43  Montgomery  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Reynolds,   Helen   Alphonsine- .  - 61   Doyle  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Smith,  Annie  Peckham   (Congdon) Box  132,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Strater,  Josephine  M.  Benedict  (Mullen), 

309  Oxford  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Tiffany,  Jessie  Goodwin 17  Morris  St.,  Morristown,  N.  J. 

Wiliston,  Edith  Holmes 103  Whitmarsh   St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Johnson,  Evelyn  Olive    (Bullen) Hingham,  Mass. 


Deceased. 


158  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

FORTY- FIRST  CLASS — 16.     JUNE,  1892. 

Baker,   Annie   Jane    (Trull) Kerwin,  Kansas. 

Baker,  Maude  Louise  (Mowry)..R.  F.  D.  No.  2,  N.  Smithfield,  R.  I. 

Cawley,  Mary  Louise 198  Juniper  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Child,  Bertha  Elida 182  Clifford  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Fales,  Alice  Morse   (Warner) Napanee,   Ontario. 

Hammond,  Ellen  Underwood   (Bivins), 

764  De  Kalb  Ave.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Johnson,  Grace  Elizabeth  (Von  Storch), 

165  Laban  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Jollie,  Eleanor  May 13  Garden  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Kent,    Bertha    Remington Phenix,  R.  I. 

Mather,  Ida  Elizabeth 236  Lockwood  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Olney,  Fanny    (Stone) 945   Chestnut   St.,  Glendale,  Cal. 

Round,,  Eda  May 139  Superior  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Short,   Edith    May Los   Angeles,  Cal. 

Smith,   Bertha   Northup Pocasset  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Thornton,  Mary  Dunham  (Lawton) Box  1252,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Van  Home,  Louise  Adeline  (Miller).  15  Friendship  PI.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

FORTY- SECOND  CLASS — 15.     JANUARY,  1893. 

Albro,  Marion  Louise 73  Common  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Allin,   Ida  Louise    (Batchelor) Warren.  R.  I. 

Bradley,  Emma  Frances Somerville,  Mass. 

Brennan,  Ellen  Catherine 96  Middle  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Chapman,  Addie  Clara   (Clarke) Westerly,  R.  I. 

Croak,  Mary  Augusta Arnold's  Mills,  R.  I. 

Frost  Minnie  Elizabeth 107  East  26th  St.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Glines,  Grace  Warner   (Clift) 54  Lake  St.,  Arlington,  Mass. 

King,  Joanna  Reynolds   (Clark) Kenyon,  R.  I. 

Logee,  Maud  May   (Hornby) Clyde,  R.  I. 

McGirr,  Margaret  Gertrude 57  Waterman  St.,  Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Perry,  Mabel  Emily  (Glendenning) 1018  E.  17th  St.,  Oakland,  Cal. 

Potter,   Emma   Agnes 173    Roosevelt  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Sherman,  Mabel  Wilbur   (Arnold) 23  Aborn  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Todd,  Lizzie  Edna   (Adams) Oldtown,  North  Attleboro,  Mass. 

FORTY-THIRD  CLASS — 11.     JUNE,  1893. 

Bishop,  Lydia  May   (Miner) West  Barrington,  R.  I. 

Cooper,  Marion  LaMoine 206  Howell  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  159 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

*Gooding,  Bertha  Lee 

Hines,  Mary  Ellen Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Hodges,  Kate  Morton    (Hanaford) Box  179,   Mansfield,  Mass. 

King,  Jennie  Emma Mansfield,  Mass. 

Mann,  Hattie  Julia 162  Doyle  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McMullen,  Isabella  Alice  (Splain) Waterbury,  Conn. 

*Richards,  Annie  Bullard 

Sayles,  Minnie   (Smith) 184  Savin  Hill  Ave.,  Dorchester,  Mass, 

Sundberg,  Jennie Box  566,  Rumf ord,  R.  I. 

FORTY-FOURTH  CLASS — 10.    JANUARY,  1894. 

Carpenter,  Elizabeth  Brownell 87  Plainfield  St,  Olneyville,  R.  I. 

Flemming,  Adelaide  Joseph 65  Clyde  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I, 

Hayward,  Emma  Leonard  (Kimball)  .1493  Broad  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 
O'Brien,  Katherine  Frances  (Simonds) .  .465  High  St.,  Lonsdale,  R.  I. 
Pope,  Abbie  Bourne  (Fort)  ...  .414  W.  Stafford  St.,  Germantown,  Pa. 

Rathbun,  Clara  Lucetta  Mabel  (Davis) Washington,  R.  I. 

Steadman,  Annie  Louise  (Wilcox)  .327  Edgecomb  Av.,  New  York  City. 

Tobin,  Mary  Theresa  (Lynch) Melville  Station,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Young,  Bertha  Edith  (Pierce) ...  .184  High  St.,  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J. 
Young,  Mary  Louise 4  Lockwood  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

FORTY-FIFTH   CLASS — 19.     JUNE,  1894. 

Ames,  Sarah  Elizabeth Y.  W.  C.  A.,  Lowell  Mass. 

Bucklin,    Annie    Elizabeth Georgiaville,  R.  I. 

Collins,    Alice    Mabelle Ashton,  R.  I, 

Cozzens,  Minne  Althea  (Barnes) 177  Cross  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

*Cutler,  Mrs.  L.  Emma 

Fairbrother,  Jeanette  Wheaton 39  Walker  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Grant,  Emma 83  Rolfe  St.,  Auburn,  R.  I. 

Hiscox,  Grace  Louise   (Barrett) Blackstone,  Mass. 

Holbrook,  Helen  Frances 33  Hudson  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Holbrook,  Susan    Wadsworth 33  Hudson  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McLaren,  Jeanette  Amelia 255  Washington  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McXerney,  Alice  May 206  Park  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Moffitt,  Elizabeth  Gregg  (Thurston) . .  .33  Carter  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Rathbun,  Eva  Abbie  (Smith) 25  Pleasant  St.,  Wickford,  R.  I. 

Reed,  Susanna 43  Nisbet  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Slade,  Caroline  Winslow 49  George  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


Deceased. 


160  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 


NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Tillinghast,  Pearl  May  (Remington), 

216  Waterman  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Tisdale,  Anna 

Wilson,  Emily  Alice 24  Hill  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

FORTY-SIXTH   CLASS— 14.     JUNE,  1895. 

Bennett,  Eva  Grafton Warren,  R.  I. 

Cullen,   Catherine   Agnes Berkeley,  R.  I. 

Curtiss,  Bessie  Holt. Wakefield,  R.  I. 

Frethey,  Clarie  See. Brooklin,  Maine. 

Glen,  Caroline  Adelaide  (Winsor), 

10  Richardson  St.,  Framingham,  Mass. 

Grant,   May  Isabelle 99   Pocasset  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Green  way,  Frances  Maud   (Stimpson), 

110  Parker  St.,  Newton  Centre,  Mass. 

Hines,  Katherine  Teresa Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Keach,  Gertrude  Marsh  (Dexter) ...  .31  Abbott  St.,  Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Kiley,  Fannie  Margaret 13  Fifth   St.,  East  Providence  R.  I. 

Lee,  Minnie  Sophia  (Fisher) .  .214%  Irving  Ave.,  Port  Chester,  N.  Y. 

Shepard,  Ma'belle  Florence  (Gill) Canton  Corner,  Mass. 

Tillinghast,  Susan  Avery  (Nichols), 

Library  of  Congress,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Willard,  Edgar  Lincoln Newburyport,  Mass. 

FORTY-SEVENTH  CLASS — 26.    JUNE,  1896. 
Bragg,  Ada  Bertha  (Cousins) ...  .287  St.  James  St.,  Springfield,  Mass. 

Cady,  Florence 3328  Pawtucket  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Crumley,  Emma  May  (Johnson) 232  Cottage  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Crumley,  Nellie   (Margerum) Riverside,  R.  I. 

Cunningham.,   Joanna   Gertrude Berkeley,  R.  I. 

Field,  Josephine  Taylor Little  Compton,  R.  1. 

Fry,   Esther   Chapone East   Greenwich,  R.  I. 

Hines,  Mary  Elizabeth Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Kemp,  Paulina  Franklin Box  427,  Warren,  R.  I. 

King,  Jo  Winslow  (Walpole) 102  Dexter  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Knowles,  Lillian  Ethel Narragansett  Pier,  R.  I. 

Leigh  ton,  Etta  Veronica 226  Dexter  St.,  Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Leonard,  Mary  Emma 30  Thompson  St.,  Fall  River,  Mass. 

Macdonald,  Josephine Stevens  Point,  Wis. 

McCotter,  Elizabeth  Rankin 38  Chestnut  Ave.,  Eden  Park,  R.  I. 

McKenna,  Mary  Margaret 46  Superior  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  161 

NAME.  '   P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Owen,  Bertha  Alice  (Miner) Main  St.,  East  Greenwich,  R.  I. 

Peck,  Annie   Heyden East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Phillips,  Marion  Edna  (Smith) .... 14  Fairview  Ave.,  Phenix,  R.  I. 

Rathbun,  Mrs.  Bessie  Brownell Buena  Vista  Ave.,  San  Jose,  Cal. 

Rose,  Alice  Mabel Kingston,  R.  I. 

Stubbs,  Lillian  Heig 88  Bailey  St.,  Arlington,  R.  I. 

Waite,  Gertrude  Stevens    (Maxwell) Warren,  R.  I. 

Ward,  Mary  Ellen Warren,  R.  I. 

Westcott,    May Thornton,  R.  I. 

Wilcox,  Nellie  Case   (Stockwell) 16  Hoffman  Ave.,  Oil  City,  Pa. 

FORTY-EIGHTH  CLASS— 29.    JUNE,  1897. 

Babcock,    Hattie    Sprague    ( Babcock) Westerly,  R.  I. 

Baker,   Susan   Louise 196   Shurtleff   St.,   Chelsea,    Mass. 

Barber,  Phebe  Arnold   (Beeman) 4  Botolph  St.,  Atlantic,  Mass. 

Brennan,  Gertrude  Theresa 29   Hope   St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Burke,  Lucinda  May West  Barrington,  R.  I. 

*Connolly,   Catherine  Loretta 

Fisher,   Edith   Cameron    (Cook) 405   Coe   St.,   Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Hodge,   Mary  Emily Los  Angeles,   Cal. 

Janes,  Florence  Cora    (Pike) 33  Elizabeth  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Jarvis,   Jennie   Mildred 98   Water   St.,   Leominster,   Mass. 

Johnson,   Mary  Evelyn Centreville,  R.  I. 

Matteson,  Alice  Belle    (Lewis) Woodbine,  N.  J. 

McElinn,    Elizabeth    Cecelia Centreville,  R.  I. 

Mills,  Theresa   Minnie 258  Orms   St.,   Providence,  R.  I. 

Perry,  Ada  Mabel Dighton,  Mass. 

Phillips,   Mary  Dean 10  East  George  St.,   Providence,  R.  I. 

Quirk,    Mary    Veronica Warren,  R.  I. 

Ray,  Emma  Louise ....214  Taunton  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Rose,    Mary   Elizabeth    (Holland) Saunderstown,  R.  I. 

Sherman,    Fanny    Irene Portsmouth,  R.  I. 

Smith,    Mary  Agnes 80   Blackstone   St.,    Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Thornton,  Sallie  Eleanor 424  Killingly  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Tully,  Annie  Louise 65%    Bergen   St.,   Providence,  R.  I. 

Whitford,  Mary  (Whitford)    Milton,  Wis. 

Wilber,  Sarah  Mabelle West  Kingston,  R.  I. 

Winsor,  Eleanor  Jackson 796  Hartford  Ave.,  Johnston,  R.  I. 

Wood,   Bertha   May Centreville,  R.  I. 

Wood,   Edna   May 881   Hope   St..   Bristol,  R.  I. 

Wood,  Katherine  L.  (Gyllensvard)  .  .1721  So.  First  St.,  Louisville,  Ky. 


Deceased. 


162  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

FORTY-NINTH   CLASS — 16.    1898. 

Apes,  Lillias   May    (Lamoureux) Anthony,  R.  I. 

Brown,   Ann   Eliza 547    Main    St.,   Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Chase,  Jane  Elizabeth  (Moran) Mansfield,  Mass. 

Dwyer,  Julia  Aloysius 63  Arnold  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Galli,   Marie 19   Narragansett  Ave.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Kirby,  Mary  E.  (McNamara) . .  ,112  Anthony  St.,  E.  Providence,  R.  I. 
Lanpear,  Emily  G.   (Eaton).. 50  North  Norwood  Ave.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Leahey,  Mary  Louisa 106  Jenkins  St.,  Providence,  R.  1. 

Meegan,  Mary  Winifred 23  Henry  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

O'Leary,  Elyne  Hendricken . .  114  Mauran  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Openshaw,   Bertha  May 17   Second   St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Riley,   Abbie   Gertrude Brighton,  R.  I. 

Ryan,    Ellen Lonsdale,  R.  I. 

Ryan,  Florence  Sutherland 21   Salisbury  St.,   Providence,  R.  I. 

Tillinghast,  Nellie   (Hunt) Shelburne  Falls,  Mass. 

Watson,  Abbie  Carpenter 81  Lyon  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

FIFTIETH  CLASS— 40.    JUNE,  1899. 

Bates,   Edith  Ellen Hope,  R.  I. 

Brownell,  Charlotte  Dickenson Little  Compton,  R.  I. 

*Burr,  Marguerita  Vernon 

Campbell,  Mary  Agnes 424  High  St.,  Lonsdale,  R.  I. 

*Carpenter,  Emma  Jane 

Cochrane,  Antonia  M.  (Walker)  .  .216  Somerset  Ave.,  Taunton,  Mass. 

Conley,   Katherine    Irene 236  North  Main  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Conway,    Mary   Katherine 53  North  Main  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Cowen,  Henrietta  Norwell 12  Auburn  St.,  Maiden,  Mass. 

Craig,  Mary  Murdock State  Normal  School,  Montclair,  N.  J. 

Demers,    Clara    Loretta.! 66  Woodbine  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Demers,  Mary  Agnes.  .   66  Woodbine  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Doyle,  Sarah  Ann 60  Cross  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Fames,  Mary  Elizabeth 229  Benefit  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Gallagher,  Eliza  Agnes 125  Governor  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Garland,  Ann  Jane 59  Clifford  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Grimshaw,  Edyth  May 321  Providence  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Hall,  Alice  Maria 71  High  St.,  North  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Hicks,  Bertha  Stanley Bristol  Ferry,  R.  I. 

Hicks,  Carrie  Louise   (Worcester) 62  Cole  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Hokanson,    Emma  Alida Rumf ord,  R.  I. 


*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  163 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Holt,  Elizabeth  Davy 11  Hay  ward  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Jackson,  Jeannette  May 3  Park  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

*Kee,  Sarah  Jane 

Lightbown,  Mary  Veronica Lonsdale,  R.  I. 

Macdonald,   Estella   Christina 62  Carpenter  St.  Providence,  R.  I. 

Maher,  Lillie  Agnes    (Owen) ...  .100  Priscilla  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Meagher,    Ellen    Cecelia 205  East  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Morpeth,    Rachel    May 62  Carpenter  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Powers,  Margaret  Helen Box  247,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Prentiss,  Mary  Alice  (Bourne) 71  Doyle  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Reed,  Ethel  Lincoln 411  Somerset  Ave.,  Taunton,  Mass. 

Sherman,  Jessie   (Sherman) Phillipsdale,  R.  I. 

Smith,  Annie  Melissa   (Calef) 203  Greenville  Ave.,  Manton,  R.  I. 

Smith,  Lillian  Etta   (Reed) 302  Park  Ave.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Spaulding,  Alice  Follet  (Moore)  ...  .156  Cross  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Williams,   Florence  Ethlyn 522   Pontiac  Ave.,   Auburn,  R.  I. 

Woodward,  Annie  Louise   (Francis) 18  Shore  St.,  Taunton,  Mass. 

JANUARY,  1900. 

Corrigan,  Louisa  Jane Box  126,  Attleboro  Falls,  Mass. 

Hamerton,  Sarah  Isabel 

Kibbee,  Ruth  Wood 26  Abbott  St.,  Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

McGann,   Mary  Etta 278  Hope   St.,  Bristol,  R.  I. 

Mitchell,   Bernice   Pearl Southold,  N.  Y. 

Taylor,  Barbara  Christie 107  Warner  St,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Viall,  Maude  Adalene  (Kim,ball) 13  Francis  Ave.,  Auburn,  R.  I. 

CITY  A  CLASS — JANUARY,  1900. 

Almy,  Helen  Marion 198  Broad  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Costello,  Margaret  Loretto 67  Merino  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

D'Arcy,  Margaret  Mary 962  Eddy  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Emmons,  Annie  Frances 482  Laurel  Hill  Ave.,  Arlington,  R.  I. 

Froberg,  Ellen  Petronella 509  Morris  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gannon,  Lucy   Etta 649   Harris  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Huntsman,  Helen  Howard 367  Angell  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Killoran,  Ellen  Louise 62  Pekin  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Manchester,  Emma  Francis 152  Superior  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*O'Connor,  Mary  Josephine 

Prendergast,  Margaret  Butler 61  Doyle  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Saver,    Inez   Vernon Ludlow,  Vt. 


Deceased. 


164  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Seton,  Mary  Helen 1179  Elmwood  Ave.,  Providence.  R.  I. 

Williams,  Mabel  Eugenia 76  Providence   St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

JUNE,  1900. 

*Brayton,  Amelia  Louisa 

Carroll,  Catherine  Camillius 108  Pine  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  1. 

Conlon,  Annie  Frances 47  Brown  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Corrigan,  Alice  Theresa 264  Pleasant  St.,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

Currier,  Mary  Lena 12  Howard  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Day,  Agnes  Regina 121  Wall  St.,  Elizabeth,  X.  J. 

Latham,  Anna  Mabel  (Mason) 2  Cushing  Ave.,  Nashua,  N.  H. 

Lennon,  Esther  Veronica 96  Pond   St.,   Pawtucket,  R.  1. 

Mattison,  Abbie  Adelia 183  Armington  Ave.,  Edge  wood,  R.  1. 

McGuigan,  Marjory  Cecelia 588  Park  Ave.,  Auburn,  R.  I. 

Monahan,  Delia  Loretta 91  Vine  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  1. 

Nichols,  Ellen  Maud Box  127,  Natick,  R.  1. 

Peavey,  Gertrude  May Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 

Phillips,  Jennie  Mabel..  1283  Narragansett  Boulevard,  Edgewood,  R.  I. 

Sweet,  Florence  Sophia 535  Pontiac  Ave.,  Auburn,  R.  I. 

Wesley,  Alelia  Ethel 185  Calla  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

CITY  A  CLASS— JUNE,  1900. 

Brown,  Betsey  Eunice 149  Althea  St.,    Providence,  R.  I. 

Chace,  Florence  Ethel 624  Plainfield  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Clemence,  Stella  Risley 167  Harrison  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Darcy,  Genevieve   Lauretta 670  Smith  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Dill,  Lauraetta  Melissa 84  Hope  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Geary,  Anna  'Clarissa 

Greene,    Helen    Maria 47  Pekin  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Greene,    Mary    Cornelia 47  Pekin  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Kimball,  Ethel  May 48  Berwyn  Ave.,  Chicago,  111. 

Knight,  Florence  Pearl 224  Pearl  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

MacKay,  Jeanie  Thornburn 157  Grand  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mann,  Alice  Brown 49  Wilson  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mayor,  Althea 9  Orms  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mulligan,  Sarah  Marie .24  Linton  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

O'Connor,  Margaret  Ann 282  Williams  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Padien,  Emma  Theresa 145  Julian  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Quinn,  Mary  Joseph 42  Madison  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Raftery,  Mary  Serene 55  Candace  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Shanley,  Mary  Ursula 


*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  165 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

KINDERGARTEN — JUNE,  1900. 

Bishop,  Marguerite  Louise  (Rauschenbauch) Patterson,  N.  Y. 

Clark,  Mattie  Mariette  (Capron) Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Cooney,   Annie   Frances 105   Davis  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Garvin,  Xorma 577  Broad  St.,  Lonsdale,  R.  I. 

Kennedy,  Sarah  Lovett 549  Broadway,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Rickard,  Mary  Durfee 26  Arch  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Sabre,  Beatrice  Whiting 79  Camp  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Smith,  Helen  Christina 20  Park  Place,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Stewart,  Mary  Esther Lincoln,  Newport,  R.  I. 

*S\van,  Frances  Wheaton 

Walker,  Maude  Eliza 75  Vinton  St,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Wicklund,  Julia  Christina  (Edgerton)  .  .103  Broad  St.,  New  London,  Ct. 

Woodward,  Minnie  Sumner 911  Broad  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

JANUARY,  1901. 

Babcock,  Clara  Elizabeth Potter  Hill,  R.  I. 

Brannon.  Catherine  Lucina 79  Eagle  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Breitschmid,  Ida  Louisa  (Livingston) Baltimore,  Md. 

Coughlin,  Mary  Eva Manton,  R.  I. 

Crumb,  Virginia  Morgan Riverside,  R.  I. 

Emmons,  Annie  Frances 482  Laurel  Hill  Ave.,  Arlington,  R.  I. 

Field,  Alma  Clara 374  Prairie  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Ford.  Emma  Nichols   (Blake) 21  Deborah  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Geisel.  Julia 152  Montgomery  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Grant,  Pearl North  Bellingham,  Mass. 

Greene,  Gertrude  Frances East  Milton,  Mass. 

Hixson.  Grace  Eleanor. Sharon,  Mass. 

Holmes,  Emma  Frank Attleboro  Falls,  Mass. 

Knoop,  Ella  Sophie  (Sherman) 86  Holden  St,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Laney,  Annie  Lauretta 89  Andem  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Moore,  Zilla  Clarke 818  East  19th  Street,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Perry,  Anna  Augusta Rolf e  St,  Auburn,  R.  I. 

Riley,  Julia  Agnes 1  Forrest  St.,  North  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Stone,  Mabelle  Frances Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Sweeney,  Anna  Gertrude 52  Holman  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Thornton,  Florence  Isabel 424  Killingly  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Wicklund,  Irene  Elizabeth 15  Grove  Ave.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

CITY  A  CLASS— JANUARY,  1901. 

Devenish,  Marie  Eustelle 90  Davis  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Fallon.  Margaret  Grace 84  Oak  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


Deceased. 


166  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

*Gannon,  Rose  Harriette 

'Gorman,  Mary  Josephine 132  Camden  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

Hurley,  Lucy  Liguori 36  East  George  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Maguire,  Margaret  Elizabeth  (Orms)..17  Power  St.,  Providence,  R. 

McLeod,  Elizabeth  Belle 138  Jewett  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Murray,  Katherine  Mary 18  Wood  St.,  Providence  R. 

Olsen,  Martha  Isabel  (Keene) 146  Indiana  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

Turner,  Grace  Annie  (Munroe) 56  Flora  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Winsor,  Jennie  Evelyn Johnston,  R. 

JUNE,  1901. 

*Bennett,  Ethel  Foster 

Buffington,  Ethel  Liddon  (Spink) Anthony,  R.  1. 

Capron,  Nellie  Mason 237  Washington  St.,  North  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Clemence,  Stella  Risley 167  Harrison  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*Cronin,  Margaret  Regina 

Dill,  Laura  Melissa 32  Arnold  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gillies,  Anita  Gregory Riverpoint,  R.  I. 

Gorman,  Mary  Theresa  (Meehan) Berkeley,  R.  I. 

Greene,  Helen  Marie 47  Pekin  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Greene,  Mary   Cornelia 47  Pekin  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Griffin,  Loretta  Mabel 187  Washington  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hopkins,  Bertha  Ethel 18  Barrows  St.,  Olneyville,  R.  I. 

McCarthy,  Clara  Veronica 42  East  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McDermott,  Mary  Ellen 943  South  Main  St.,  Fall  River,  Mass. 

McGuire,  Agnes  Marie Riverpoint,  R.  I. 

Moriarity,  Catherine  Frances 19  Oakhill  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Myrick,  Velina  Frances Sharon,  Mass. 

O'Connor,  Margaret  Ann  Teresa... 282  Williams  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Rothemich,  Caroline  Josephine 203  Lowell  Ave.,  Olneyville,  R.  I. 

Seton,  Mary  Helen 1179  Elmwood  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Warren,  Ada  Louise  (Kendall) 481  Pontiac  Ave.,  Auburn,  R.  1. 

Whitford,  Katherine  Greene 152  Harrison  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 


CITY  A  CLASS — JUNE,  1901. 

Bennett,  Clara  Elizabeth  (Tallman) .  .1112  Broad  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Blessing,  Margaret  Mary 22  Vernon  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Burdick,  Annie  Potter 17  Halsey  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Dunn,  Mary  Cornelia 41  Vinton  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gardner,  Mabel  Tillinghast 511  Hope  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  167 


NAME.  "   P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Gearon,  Jane  Veronica 39  Harkness  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Giblin,  Harriet  Louise 68  Bernon  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hodges,  Mabel  Carr Champ  lain,  N.  Y. 

Huntington,  Gladys 19   Hawthorne  St.,  Providence,  R. 

McElroy,  Susan 256  Wickenden  St.,  Providence,  R. 

McGinn,  Katherine  Frances 195  Laban  SL,  Providence,  R. 

McKenna,  Mary  Catherine 98  Steele  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Murphy,  Catherine  Elizabeth 525  Branch  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

Murray,  Cecilia  Agnes 47  Linwood  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

O'Malley,  Elizabeth  Gertrude 63  Greeley  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Shanley,  Mary  Ursula  (Ellis) Burlington,  V  . 

Sweet,  Vera  Garfield 34  Division  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Whittemore,  Alice  Bartlett 87  Willow  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Williams,  Mary  Ann  Elizabeth 611  Broadway,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Wright,  Alice  Elizabeth   (Paine) 403  Hope  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

JANUARY,  1902. 

:: Adams,  Annie  Frances 

Barnes,   Grace Ashton,  R.  I. 

Carpenter,  Ida  Maria 744  Broadway,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Carpenter,  Ruth  Mildred 10  Humes  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Dowd,  Lillian  Gertrude  Mary 127  Pearce  St,  Fall  River,  Mass. 

Greene,  Mabel  Gertrude Riverpoint,  R.  I. 

Hanley,  Catherine  Ellen Pascoag,  R.  I. 

Heckman,  Gertrude  Burden Plainville,  Mass. 

Hurd,  Lottie 9  Bridgham  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McGinn,  Mary  Teressa Potter  Hill,  R.  I. 

Mowry,  Helen  Sayles 162  Academy  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Murray,  Katherine  Mary 21  Wood  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Xixon,  Annie  Josephine Warren,  R.  I. 

O'Brien,  Katherine  Elizabeth Mulberry  St.,  Warren,  R.  I. 

Perkins,  Florence  May Arnold's  Mills,  R.  I. 

Reilly,  Margaret  Mary 598  Broadway,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Roberts,  Martha  Jane 109  Williams  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Rovelto,  Cathalena  Louise 27  Woodlawn  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Scallon,  Rose  Anna 145  Arthur  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Slocum,  Gertrude  May 11  Newton  Ave.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Whaley,  Mary  Daniel Wakefield,  R.  I. 

Wilson,  Lillian  (Edmond) 104  High  St.,  Westerly,  R  I. 

CITY  A  CLASS— JANUARY,  1902. 

Clarke,  Miriam  Alida North  Reading,  Mass. 

*  Deceased. 


i68  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Dawley,  Edna  Jessie  (Ford) 92  Tenth  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Dobson,  Ethel  Waring  (Sayles) 146  Doyle  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Donovan,  Jennie  Agnes 202  Power  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Flagg,  Carolyne  Davis 166  Harrison  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Flynn,  Catherine  Elizabeth 483  Washington  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Holland,  Mary  Theresa 16  Albro  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Johnson,  Philamena  Margaret 217  Regent  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Killian,  Anna  Mary 58  Wayne  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Little,  Ada . . Oneco,  Conn. 

McCallion,  Ellen  Regina 4  Armington  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McCarthy,  Frances  Mary 188  Lippitt  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McMurrough,  Mary  Elizabeth 173  Pine  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Moran,  Laura  Anthony 52  Nichols  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*O'Brien,  Mary  Ellen 

Perrin,  Maude  Ethel 15  Alverson  Ave.,  Olneyville,  R.  I. 

Turbitt,  Agnes  Louise 18  Alton  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Wallace,  Mabel  Marsh 449  Plainfield  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


JUNE,  1902. 

Adams,  Lizzie  Aldrich 110  Central  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Batcheler,  Bessie  Mae 80  Lexington  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Bennet,  Clara  Elizabeth 

*Brayton,  Amelia  Louisa 

*Brennan,  Jane  Kent 

Cahill,  Catherine  Irene 116  Orchard  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Dunn,  Mary  Cornelia 41  Vinton  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gleason,  Daisy  Harriet  (Whittemore), 

1814  K  St.,  N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Harvey,  Anna  Margaret 117  Hope  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Horrigan,  Josephine  Olive  (Battey) Pascoag,  R.  I. 

O'Reilly,  Irene  Katherine  (Heffernan), 

Woodland  Road,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Orswell,  Emeline  Amy 631  Public  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Rathbun,  Jennie  Florence Arlington,  R.  I. 

Stable,  Julia  Etta 254  Washington  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Straight,  Mary  Elizabeth 71  Goldsmith  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Stratton,  Mabel  Mary 284  Atwells  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Sweeney,  Katherine  Isabelle 311  South  Main  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Tucker,  Emma  Bascom  (Kenyon)  .  .35  Chestnut  St.,  So.  Manchester,  Ct. 
Wales,  Bertha  Elizabeth 22  Harrison  Ave.,  Taunton,  Mass. 


*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  169 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Walker,  Mary  Edith  (Jenkins) 745  Park  Ave.,  Auburn,  R.  I. 

Watts,  Laura  Evelyn 78  Hillwood  Ave.,  Arlington,  R.  I. 

CITY  A  CLASS— JUNE,  1902. 

Abrams,  Marion  Colver 16  Peace  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Ballou,  Zerlina  Luella Uxbridge,  Mass. 

Barber,  Lulu •  • 4  Adams  St.,  Lakewood,  R. 

Boas,  Bella 4  Oak  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Crane,  Lillian  Eliza 58  Wilson  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Danielson,  Edith  Russell 655  Public  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Eaton,  Mary  Chedell 69  Doyle  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

Feeley,  Bertha  Louise 583  Public  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Gleason,  Winifred  Ellen 116  Congdon  St,  Providence,  R. 

Hartley,  Millie  Jane 482  Public  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Kilkenny,  Geraldine  Marie 5  Norwich  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

Lunden,  Olga  Johanna 83   Preston  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Monahan,  Winifred  Josephine. ..  .223  Wickenden  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Moore,  Clara  (Harris) 156  Reynolds  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

Moran,  Mary  Columba 118  Tockwotton  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Peirce,  Emma  Grace 18  Wood  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Perkins,  Jessie  Garfield 196  Washington  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

Rogers,  Bessie  Irene 171  Reservoir  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

KINDERGARTEN,  JUNE,  1902. 

Burdick,  Ethel 46  Doyle  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Edwards,  Dora  Moses 8  Parkside  Road,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gilbert,  Anna  Louise 248  East  34th  St.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Hobson,  Louise  Boyce Riverside,  R.  I. 

Laughlin,  Ethel  Gertrude East  Greenwich,  R.  I. 

Marshall,  Bertha  (Taylor) 47  Potter  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  1. 

JANUARY,  1903. 

Alden,  Bessie  Mabel 58  Durf ee  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Beattie.  Sarah 43  Illinois  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Beebe,  Edith  Adella Noank,  Conn. 

Bennett,  Clara  Elizabeth  (Tallman)  .  .1112  Broad  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Brady,  Alice  Gertrude 71  Updike  St,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Brownell,  Viola  Walden  (Knight). 51  Congress  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Cashman,  Jennie  Elizabeth 160  Sterry  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Cavanaugh,  Mary  Aloysius 48  Whipple  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Crandall,  Emma 94  Brownell  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Davoren,  Mary  Persis Bristol,  R.  I. 


170  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Dodge,  Jessie  Evelyn 1195  N.  Main  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Donahey,  Mabel  Elizabeth 33  Bridgham  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Dunn,  Mary  Cornelia 41  Vinton  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Farnsworth,  Nellie  Edith  (Crandall),  13  Summit  Av.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Leonard,  Violet  Mabel  (Bishop) 

Marr,  Barbara  Anderson Cranston,  R.  I. 

McNelly,  Annie  Marie 11  Walnut  St.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Meehan,  Ellen  Emma 672  Public  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Moran,  Eunice  Veronica 240  Pawtucket  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Phetteplace,  Sarah  Evelyn  (Fisher) Northbridge,  Mass. 

Potter,  Edna  Garfield 12  Linden  St.,  Brookline,  Mass. 

Reynolds,  Angie  Grace 72  Mineral  Spring  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Rockwood,  Nellie  Pauline Randolph,  Mass. 

Ross,  Josephine  Winifred 102  Summit  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Sealander,  Hulda Riverside,  R.  I. 

Short,  Katherine  May .56  John  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Sweet,  Vera  Garfield 34  Division  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

JUNE,  1903. 

Agnew,  Agnes  Elizabeth 114  Prospect  Hill  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Allenson,  Amy  Edith  (Noble) 49  Summit  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

*  Arnold,  Eva  Elmira 

Barber,  Lulu 4  Adams  St.,  Lakewood,  R.  I. 

Bliss,  Rose  Danielson Port  Deposit,  Md. 

Burdick,  Annie  Potter 46  Doyle  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Cahill,  Teresa  Clare 116  Orchard  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Carroll,  Elizabeth  Veronica Phenix,  R.  I. 

Cohen,  Etta  Esther   (Kramer) Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Collins,  Reba  Janette 8  Fitz  Terrace,  Chelsea,  Mass. 

Demers,  Sarah  Cecilia 66  Woodbine  St.,  Pleasant  View,  R.  I. 

Donovan,  Jennie  Agnes 202  Power  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Donovan,  Mary  Ann Anthony,  R.  I. 

Gardner,  Mabel  Tillinghast 511  Hope  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gearon,  Jane  Veronica 39  Harkness  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hawkes,  Abbie  Anne 16  Pallas  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hokanson,  Edith  Josephine Rumford,  R.  I. 

Johnson,  Philomena  Margaret 217  Regent  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Lewis,  Susie  Clarke Ashaway,  R.  I. 

McCaffrey,  Jennie  Evelyn Warren,  R.  I. 

McCusker,  Winifred  Madeline Arkwright,  R.  I. 


Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  171 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

McDermott,  Eliza  Magdalen 75  Coe  St.,  Woonsocket,  R. 

McGinty,  Mary  Josephine 353  North  Main  St.,  Pawtucket,  R. 

McMurrough,  Mary  Elizabeth 173  Pond  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Parkis,  Florence  Edith Slatersville,  R. 

Piche,  Elizabeth  Mary Harrisville,  R. 

Robinson,  Anne  Jane  (Potter) 410  Main  St.,  Norwich,  Conn. 

Shanahan,  Mary  Genevieve Newport,  R.  I. 

Wheeler,  Harriet  Carleton Asbury  Park,  N.  J. 

KINDERGARTEN,  JUNE,  1903. 

Angell,  Ellen  May 42  Arch  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Carroll,  Bertha  Genevieve 66  Lyon  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Clarke,  Celia  Elizabeth  (Goodman),  106  Indiana  Av.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Congdon,  Lilian  Myrtella 36  Chapin  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gaddes,  Florence  Gertrude   (Anderton), 

394  Lonsdale  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Hamlin,  Charlotte  Bradford 7  Humboldt  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Seymour,  Etta  Josephine Warren,  R.  I. 

Simonds,  Sue  Carter 33  Pond  St.,  Beverly,  Mass. 

JANUARY,  1904. 

Barber,  Phebe  Alice Hope  Valley,  R. 

Barry,  Julia  Etta 73  John  St.,  East  Providence,  R. 

Boas,  Bella 4  Oak  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Campbell,  Florence  Margaret Warren,  R. 

Carlin,  Mary  Augusta 33  Wood  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Carpenter,  Ethel  Louise 105  Chapin  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

Clarke,  Catherine  Louise 81  Pine  St.,  Pawtucket,  R. 

Clavin,  Clotilda  Josephine Harrisville,  R. 

Donnelly,  Teresa  Angeline 907  Branch  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

Durf ee,  Ethel  Florence Howard,  R. 

Fee,  Rosella Pascoag,  R. 

Flagg,  Carolyne  Davis 166  Harrison  St.,  Providence,  R.  I 

Gannon,  Eleanor  Marie 649  Harris  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I 

Hayden,  Alice  Sarah Pascoag,  R.  I 

*Hines,  Elizabeth  Veronica 

Holland,  Mary  Theresa 16  Albro  St.,  Providence,  R.  I 

Irons,  Emma  Annette  (Hopkins) Chepachet,  R.  I 

James,  Sarah  Lila  (Bliss) R.  F.  D.  No.  1,  Wakefield,  R.  I 

Jarvis,  Lillian  Opal West  Groton,  Mass 


*  Deceased. 


172  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 


NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Kelley,  Gertrude  Louise 347  Carrington  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Kilkenny,  Geraldine  Marie 1356  Broad  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Killian,  Anna  Mary 66  Wayne  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Little,  Ada .5  Ocean  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McCarthy,  Frances  Mary 188  Lippitt  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McGlynn,  Margaret  Loretta 33  Snell  St.,  Fall  River,  Mass. 

McVay,  Mary  Lucilla 174  Summit  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Miner,  Adelaide  Louise Natick,  R.  I. 

Morrison,  Elizabeth  Claire 30  Malbone  Road,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Nestor,  Katherine  Vincentia 55  Broad  St.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

*O'Brien,  Mary  Ellen 

Fe>kins,  Jessie  Garfield 233  Messer  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Shippee,  Lydia  Ann 257  Broadway,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Stanhope,  Mary  Elizabeth 360  Broadway,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Taber,  Eleaet  Elona  (Beaman) .  .208  Linwood  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Trescott,  Annie  May 129  Stanley  St.,  Attleboro  Falls,  Mass. 

Tully,  Marguerite 47  Park  St.,  North  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Wallace,  Mabel  Marsh  (Clarke) ..  .449  Plainfield  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


JULY,  1904. 
Brindle,  Helena  May  (Leonard)  .  .105  Alverson  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

Clifford,  Mary  Ellen 31  Grape  St.,  Providence,  R. 

*Cram,   Mabel  Evelyn 

Crofwell,  Agnes  Katherine 28  Joslin  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Durfee,  Mary  Elizabeth Seapowet  Ave.,  Tiverton,  R. 

Eddy,  Emma  Allen 297  Spring  St.,  Newport,  R. 

Galvin,  Loretta  Margaret North  Swansea,  Mass. 

Giblin,  Rose  Anna 295  Fountain  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Gifford,  Honora  Rowena 14  Bliss  Road,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Gleason,  Winifred  Ellen 116  Congdon  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Grady,  Elizabeth  Irene 11  Milk  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hedburg,  Lillie  Laura  Elizabeth .21  Gibbs  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Hoxsie,   Ruth   Emma Charlestown,  R.  I. 

Hunt,  Lillie  Amelia 1651  Cranston  St.,  Knightsville,  R.  I. 

Lunden,  Olga  Johanna 83  Preston  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mitchell,  Emily  Annabel Harrisville,  R.  I. 

Moe,  Agnes  Marian Greenwood  Ave.,  Rumford,  R.  I. 

Moore,  Clara 47  Da-boll  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  173 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

KINDERGARTEN,  JULY,  1904. 

Allen,  Cordelia  Lewin 46  Vernon  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Mackie,  Mary Harrison  Ave.,    Newport,  R.  I. 

JANUARY,  1905. 

Anthony,  Elizabeth  Palmer Middletown,  R.  I. 

Barbour,  Helen  Cora   (Carmack) Ontario  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Bransfield,  Jennie  May 62  Cross  St.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Carroll,  Alice  Barbara 66  Lyon  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Cole,  Martha  Kathleen 81  Potter  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Day,  Olivia  Marie  Cecilia 71  Davis  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Easterbrooks,  Alice  May  (Richardson)..?  Forest  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Edgecomb,  Anna  Carolyn 14  George  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Flynn,  Nellie  Irene 22  Rocket  St.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Gile,  Beatrice 19  Third  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Hayden,  Eva  Belle 148  Norwood  Ave.,  Edgewood,  R.  I. 

Lee,  Annie  Easton 359  Spring  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Legate,  Alice  Mabel 389  Pine  St,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Loftus,  Bessie  Agnes 1377  Chalkstone  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McAlonan,  Mary  Jane  Georgiana 81  Lawn  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McKenna,  Theresa  Veronica 132  Hudson  St,  Providence,  R.  I. 

O'Hara,  Hannah  Teresa 31  Corinth  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Osborne,  Nettie  Gertrude 199  Second  Ave.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Parker,  Ellen  Jane 18  Elmhurst  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Ploettner,  Viola  Ulrika Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Robblee,  Stella  Hannah 71  Regent  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Schutz,  Helene  (Hellar)  . .  .40th  St.,  and  Grand  Ave.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Snow,  Edith  Maria 291  Lamatine  St.,  Jamaica  Plain,  Mass. 

Thurber,  Beulah  Evelyn  ( Wheaton) Seekonk,  Mass. 

JUNE,  1905. 

Aylsworth,  Leila 1853  Broad  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Bacheller,   Nellie  Hathaway Amherst,  N.  H. 

Bingham,  Margaret Ashton,  R.  I. 

Brennan,  Anna  Teresa Peacedale,  R.  I. 

Cosgrove,  Mary  Alice 178  Woodward  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Cowen,  Geneva  Gale Somerville,  N.  J. 

Dennegan,  Mary  Agnes Riverpoint,  R.  I. 

Donovan,  Alice  Maud  Mary 209  Spring  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Fulton,  Annie  Isabel 25  Violet  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hennessey,  Jennie  Elizabeth  C...112  Warren  Ave.,  E.  Providence,  R.  I. 
Holmquist,  Ellen  Otelia 10  Alphonso  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


174  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Leach,  Bessie  Eleanor Slatersville,  R. 

Luther,  Carrie  Garfield North   Scituate,  R. 

Maloney,  Margaret  Elizabeth 71  Bernon  St.,  Providence,  R. 

McManus,  Mary  Elizabeth Coventry,  R. 

Mowry,  Ethel 162  Academy  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

Mowry,  Grace  Annie 

Murray,  Ellen-  Mary 47  Lin  wood  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  1. 

Murray,  Mary  Helena 125  Governor  St.,  Providence  R.  1. 

Orpin,  Bertha  Jane 43  Bassett  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Perry,  Nellie  Violet 123  Elmwood  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Roche,  Marion  deSales Whitinsville,  Mass. 

Salois,  Mary  Elizabeth 299  Knight  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Smith,  Eleanor  Beverly 89  Kenyon  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Thornton,  Louise  Estelle Foxboro,  Mass. 

Tiernan,  Mary  Winifred 126  East  George  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Toolin,  Alice  Cecilia Cowesett,  R.  I. 

Walsh,  Mary  Taft 6  Cromwell   St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Whaley,  Clara  Pullen Wakefield,  R.  I. 

Young,  Florence  Edith 231  North  Main  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

KINDERGARTEN — JUNE,  1905. 

Allen,  May  Barton 625  Angell  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Angell,  Grace  Caroline Touissett,  Mass. 

Atwell,  Edna  Lawrence Hebronville,  Mass. 

Bates,  Emma  Irene R.  F.  D.,  Oaklawn,  R.  I. 

Carpenter,  Mary  Amanda 774  Broadway,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Chase,  Alice  Stevens 128  Fifth  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Church,  Annie  Louise Warren,  R.  I. 

Clough,    Grace   Linda Slatersville,  R.  I. 

Cullen,  Elizabeth  Magdalen 119   Spring  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Easton,  Mary  Annie  Louise 145  Wesleyan  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Fairbanks,  Rachel  Marion 13  Summit  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Goff,  Flora   May Hebronville,  Mass. 

Gooding,  Grace  Louise 144  Central  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Hayes  (Mrs.),  Eliza  Place 13  Parkis  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hey  worth,  Marguerite  Monroe 9  Wesleyan  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Huntsman,  Edith  Antoinette. ..  .37  South  Angell  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Makin,  Jessie  Viola 90  Prospect  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Murphy,   Sara  Mae Ashaway,  R.  I. 

Reid,  Jennie 16  Friendship  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Sampson,  Mildred  Louise 27  Friendship  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Smith,  Beulah  Worth 25  Lenox  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  175 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Stafford,  Charlotte  Leavitt 2  Humboldt  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Whittaker,  Bernice  Elizabeth 78  Earle  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Wiswall,  Marion  Constance 50  Lexington  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

JANUARY,  1906. 

Aldred,  Lillian  Hilton 42  Salina  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Appleby,  Mabel  Evelyn Mansfield,  Mass. 

Bannon,  Zita  May 378  Central  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Barry,  Ursula  Marie 60  East  Manning  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Bell,   Hattie  May Hillsgrove,  R.  I. 

Black,    Mary   Ann Pascoag,  R.  I. 

Burlingame,  Ada  Maria Box  16,  East  Killingly,  Conn. 

Carney,  Sara  Jane 15  Spring  St.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Carroll,  Sara  Agnes 658  Chalkstone  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Cole,  Ethel  Cordelia Greenwood,  R.  I. 

Collins,  Anna  Elizabeth k Alton,  R.  I. 

Comstock,  Mary  Canfield Bedlow  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Corcoran,    Mary    Ellen    (Cunningham)  .  .Andem  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Coutanche,  Catherine  Grace 91  Sheldon  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Cox.  Theresa  Emma 40  Sterry  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Creamer.  Ellen  Mary  (Kindelan) 99  Clyde  St,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Crumley,  Laura  Jeanette Danielson,  Conn. 

Davis,  Gertrude  L.   (Guckelberger) . .  .25  Battey  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Dean,  Charlotte  May  Augustine 36  Hope  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Fitz-Simon,    May    Angela Lonsdale,  R.  I. 

Gannon,  Harriet  Loretta 225   Bellevue  Ave.,   Providence,  R.  I. 

Garity,  Rose  Cecilia 49  Lyon  St.,  Fall  River,  Mass. 

Gorman,  Mary  Anne 48  Hope  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hawes,  Irene Box  303,  Riverside,  R.  I. 

Hayes,  Alma  Lillis Block  Island,  R.  I. 

Latham,  Annie  Celinda 117  Clay  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Lennon,  Elizabeth  Lillian 96  Pond   St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Martin,  Inez  Lillian 62  Conant  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

McLaren,  Bertha  Frances 116  Columbia  Ave.,  Edgewood,  R.  I. 

McMahon,  Mary  Monica Berkeley,  R.  I. 

Morrison,  Genevieve  Frances 30  Malbone  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Schiller,  Edna  Valerie 53  Tremont  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Shea,  Mary  Monica 26  Noyes  Ave.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Taylor,   Mabel  Lydia Riverpoint,  R.  I. 

Tierney.  May  Josephine 146  Woodbine  St.,  Auburn,  R.  I. 

Tyrrell.  Elizabeth  Grace 90  Carpenter  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Vaughn.  Bertha  Greene Davisville,  R.  I. 


176  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Walsh,  Teresa  Catherine Blackstone,  Mass. 

Welsh,  Alice  Mary 23  Wood   St.,  Warren,  R.  I. 

JUNE,  1906. 

Barnett,  Stella  May 607  Mount  Hope  St.,  North  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Conyers,  Ada 904   Cranston   St.,  Arlington,  R.  I. 

*Dennis,   Emily   May 

Fitzsimmons,  Katherine  Harriet 120  Metcalf  St.,  Providence,  R.  1. 

Flanagan,  Rosanna  Cecilia 1705  Chalkstone  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Frost,  Grace  Larua West  Barrington,  R.  I. 

Fuller,  Inez  Mabel 258  Lowell  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gibbs,  Eva  Lucile 1736  Westminster  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Greenblatt,  Eva  Rebecca 137  Brownell  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hadley,   May 269  Doyle  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I 

Hedberg,  Hilla  Bertha  Maria 21  Gibbs  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Hoye,   Monica  Mary 59  Glenham   St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Kingsley,  Gertrude  May * 266  Webster  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Law,  Clara  Alice 286  Villa  Nova,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Martin,  Helen  Agatha 420  Fairmount  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

McGinty,  Catherine  Agnes 353  North  Main  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

McKenna,  Isabelle  Madeline 98  Steele  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Nason,   Edna  Eldred Nasonville,  R.  I. 

Norton,  Sarah  Lillian 66  Hospital  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Phillips,  Velna  Inez Phenix,  R.  I. 

Rattigan,  Nora  Frances 388  Douglas  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Rice,  Annie  Eleanor 83  Burrington  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Smith,   Clara  Gertrude 45   Thacher   St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Stillman,   Phebe   Anna Ashaway,  R.  I. 

Webb,  Clara  Elizabeth Howard,  R.  I. 

Whipple,  Bertha  May Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Whiting,   Edna   May Barrington,  R.  I. 

KINDERGARTEN — JUNE,  1906. 

Burnham,   Bertha  Agnes 27  Rand   St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Collison,  Mabelle  Ellen 115  Pocasset  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Currier,  Elsie   Maria 12  Howard   Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Durfee,   Mabel   Marshall 1057   Cranston    St.,  Arlington,  R.  I. 

Forsyth,  Lulu  Maud 108  Harold  St.,  Mount  Pleasant,  R.  I. 

Grimes,  Emma  L.   (Harson)  . . .  .94  Carrington  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hanrahan,  Alice  Helena 11  Ruggles  St.,  Providence,  R.  1. 


*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  177 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Horton,  Elizabeth  Bruce 21  Star  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Hunt,  Maud  Grosvenor 109  Narragansett  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Manatt,  Lucile  Faith 59  Charles  Field  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McElroy,  Nellie  Madeline 88  Brook  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Pease,  Bertha  Adaline 72  Concord  St.,  Nashua,  N.  H. 

Saunders,  Carrie  Lua Westerly,  R.  I. 

Sawyer,  Winifred  Warren ....  Care  of  Mr.  L.  Tufts,  Pinehurst,  N.  C. 

Sturdy,  Marguerite  (Cannon) 159  Wesleyan  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Swan,   Florence   Vincent Westerly,  R.  I. 

Tingley,  Mary  Bullock 48  South  Union  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Tweedley,  Elizabeth  Douglas 1257  Cranston  St.,  Cranston,  R.  I. 

Wilmarth,  Elsie  Mae Attleboro  Falls,  Mass. 

JANUARY,  1907. 

Adams,  Climena 484  Wellington  Ave.,  Auburn,  R.  I. 

Anthony,  Jennie  Louise  (Cooke)..17  Madison  Ave.,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

Babcock,  Lizzie  Sharpe 341  Broadway,  Newport,  R. 

Baxter,  Helen  Gushing 147  Waverly  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Blake,  Margaret  Whyte 47  School  St.,  Westerly,  R. 

Bray,  Susan  Elizabeth 48  Anthony  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R. 

Casey,  Katherine  Louise 27  Claremont  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

Coffey,  Margaret  Maybelle  M 20  Seventh  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Cook,  Vera  Sherburne 202  Providence  St.,  Woonsocket,  R. 

Cronan,  Alice  Veronica 29  Rebekah  St.,  Woonsocket,  R. 

Cunningham,  Mabel  Stanton Box  382,  Warren.  Mass. 

Devlin.  Gertrude  Maria 28  Main  St.,  Blackstone,  Mass. 

Dodge,  Hazel  May Block  Island,  R.  I. 

Dodge,  Rena  Belle 12  Oak  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Eddy,   Ethel   Elizabeth 68   Peck   St.,     Attleboro,  Mass. 

Flood,  Winifred  Agnes 107  Washington  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Flynn,  Estella  Patricia 907  Manton  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Galeuzzi,  Katherine  Jennie 224  Atwells  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gerhard,  Rosena  Margaret 26  Prospect  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Keegan,  Barbara  Gabriel 13  Harriet  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Leahy,  Margaret  Anne Metacom  Ave.,  Bristol,  R.  I. 

Mahan,  Mary  Zita 31  Jenks  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Marrah,  Annie 92  Division   St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Martin,  Annie  Gildard  (Cole) 8  Belmont  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

McCardell,  Rose  Marie 49  Humboldt  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McCormick,  Marguerite  Irene.. 333  Taunton  Ave.,  E.  Providence,  R.  I. 

McGovern,  Theresa   Mary Blackstone,  Mass. 

McGrane,  Mary  Josephine 90   South   St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


178  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

McGreevy,  Edith  Margaret 16  Hendrick  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McNally,  Jennie  Loretta 39  Fallan  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Meikle,  Jeanie  Burns 12  Narragansett  Ave.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Midgley,  Emma  Clare 259  Benefit  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Pennington,  Harriet  Helme 295  West  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  1. 

Phelan,  Julia  Agnes 16  Chapel  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Rogers,  Evelyn  May   (Coates) 44  Dover  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Rounds,  Ethel  Flora 32  North  Ave.,  Attleboro  Falls,  Mass. 

Shields,  Mary  Christine 192  Warren  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Slade,  Nancy  Mason Swansea,  Mass. 

Sullivan,  Agnes 8  Bridge  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Tally,  Elizabeth  Gertrude 28  Vernon  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Tobin,   Annie   Marie Bristol,  R.  I. 

Tobin,   Elizabeth   Ann Riverside,  R.  I. 

Tripp,  Esther  Waterman 85  Maplewood  Ave.,  Cranston,  R.  I. 

Tutin,  Kathleen 142  Blackstone  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

White,  Charlotte  Emma 188  North  Main  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

JUNE,  1907. 

Atkinson,   Emma   Bradford Rehoboth,  Mass. 

Bliven,  Claire 94  Main  St.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Brady,  Anna  Evangeline 393  Weeden  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Buchart,  Syvilla  Regina 275  Globe  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Burns,  Bessie  Genevieve- 12  Norwich  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Chappell,  Grace  Miriam R.  F.  D.,  Rehoboth,  Mass. 

Clifford,  Johanna  Leona 31  Grape  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Cole,  Elizabeth  Frances 91  Dover  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Crowe,  Annie  Louise 75  Dora  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Deane,  Cassie  Inez 160  Adams  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Greene,  Ruth 12  Osborne  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hill,  Pauline  Beatrice 411  Friendship  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Jenckes,  Helen  Stanley 67  Laura  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Johnson,  Mary  Christina 196  Linwood  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

*McGilvrey,  Cynthia  Helen 

Miller,  Pearl  F.   (Crawford)  .  .3200  Pawtucket  Ave.,  East  Prov.,  R.  I. 

O'Reilly,  Teresa   Marie 971   Branch  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Rice,  Ella  Paula  Maria 82  Centre  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Sweeney,  Katherine   Loretta 8   Wellington   St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

KINDERGARTEN — JUNE,  1907. 

Bannon,  Margaret  Alice 32  Bagley  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Brooks,  Ruth 23  Mary  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 


*  Deceased. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  179 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Broome,  Grace  Esther 295  Pawtucket  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Brown,  Grace  Emily  (Abbott) Andover,  Mass. 

Fales,  Bertha  Dunham    (Cook) Bristol,  R.  I. 

Fales,  Florence  Louise 483  High  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Hall,  Helen 14  Angle  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Lawton,  Nellie  Estelle 179  High  St.,  Pawtucket.  R.  I. 

Mather,  Sarah  Brownson 236  Lockwood  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Matteson,   Marion  Eudora 140  Lafayette   St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Mattison,  Ethel  Champlin. .... 183  Armington  St.,  Edgewood,  R.  I. 

McKenna,  Agnese  Regina 39  Bainbridge  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Merewether,  Abby  Louise   (White) 11  Arch  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Miller,  Jessie  Denham 88  Spring  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

O'Connor,  Clara  Louise 27  Lawn  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Patterson,   Bessie 169   East  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Smith,   Georgianna 109   Massachusetts  Ave..  Providence,  R.  I. 

Stoddard,  Jennie  Winsor 7  Division   St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Wallace,  Alice  Lonez 475   Public   St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Wilmarth,  Elsie  Mae Attleboro  Falls,  Mass. 

JUNE,  1908. 

A  very,    Nellie    Mary Groton,  Conn. 

Bransfield,  Annie  Regina 4  George  St.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Briggs,  Geneva  Maude Barton's  Corner,  East  Greenwich,  R.  I. 

Butler,  Alice  Frances Berkeley,   Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Colvin,  Jessie  Jones 24  Whipple  Ave.,  Arlington,  R.  I. 

Creighton,   Mary   Martha Blackstone,  Mass. 

Davis,   Mary  Antoinette Maplewood,  N.  J. 

Eaton,   Helen 50  Forest   St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Edwards,   Fannie   Ella Ashaway,   Hopkinton,  R.  I. 

Finn,  Catherine  Gertrude 34  Parker  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Healey,  Mary  Loretta 37  Cobb  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Heck,  Mary  Lucia 14  Carpenter  St..  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hillman,  Linda  Matilda 89  Holman  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Hunt,  Carrie  Lavinia 603   Angell   St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

James,    Marcia   Helen   Wood Lafayette,  R.  I. 

Murray,  Anna  Veracondia King  St.,  Pontiac,  R.  I. 

Xissen,  Clara  Christine  Dorothea 6  Lincoln  St..  Newport,  R.  I. 

Page,  Mattie  Maybel 162  Webster  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Palmer,    Mary   Eleanor 1536   Cranston   St.,  Cranston,  R.  I. 

Rogers,   Estella   Ray Davisville,   North   Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Sherman,  Lillian   Maria Harrisville,  R.  I. 

Sullivan,  Teresa  Eligius 488  Thames  St..  Newport.  R.  I. 


i8o  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Taber,  Jessie  Maud 383  Hope  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Vars,   Effie   Hannah Niantic,  R.  I. 

Wood,  Florence  Shoers Leonard's   Corner,  East   Providence,  R.  I. 

JUNE,  1908. 

Anthony,  Sarah  Talbot .Ruggles  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Bosworth,  Ethel  J.   (Hooper).. 487  Chalkstone  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Cristy,  Esther   Gilbert 102   Wayland   Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Dean,  Katherine  Gertrude 36  Hope  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Greene,  Marguerite  Lillibridge 36  Providence  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Kent,  Marjorie 125  Adelaide  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Lewis,  Caroline  La  Vaughn 148  Holden   St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Munnegle,  Bessie  Josephine 19  Livingstone  St.,  Providence,  R.  J. 

Pettis,  Helen  Bissell 55  Waterman  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Watts,  Annie  May  Cynthia 78  Hillwood  Ave.,  Arlington,  R.  I. 

JANUARY,  1908. 

Adams,  Elizabeth  Frances 5  Whetmore  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Aslin,  Florence  Mabel 23  Nebraska  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Ballou,  Lulu  Beatrice 35  Rand  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Barry,  Ella  Gertrude 57  Pine  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Blair,  Eleanor  Grover 65   Peace  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Bowen,  Marion  Henry 38  Humboldt  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Brady,  Rosetta  Clare 135  High  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Bransfield,  Katherine  Agnes 4  George  St.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Brown,  Gladys Midclletown,  R.  I. 

Buckley,  Mary  Camilla 22  Palmer  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Burton,  Belle 135  East  George  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Carry,  Mabel  Florence 298  Broadway,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Corbett,   Mary  Jane Mansfield,  Mass. 

Curren,  Agnes  Theresa 107  Calhoun  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Dorchester,  Hope  Sutherland 31  Stanwood  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Driscoll,  Annie  Ellyn 303  High  St.,  Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Dwyer,    Mary    Letitia Dresser    St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Finn,  Mary  Anna , 11  Whittenton  St.,  Taunton,  Mass. 

Flavin,  Lillian  Agnes 41  High  St.,  Mansfield,  Mass. 

Gleason,  Margaret  Clementine 122  Bridgham  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Goodwin,   Susan  Elizabeth 86  Doyle  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gormley,  Katherine  Louise. ..  .1745  Westminster  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hall.  Mildred  Waldo 42  Glenham   St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hill,   Esther   Frances East   Providence    Centre,  R.  I. 

Hughes,  Anna  Louise  Miriam 77  Franklin  St.,  Bristol,  R.  I. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  181 

NAME.  K  O.  ADDRESS. 

Hurley,  Adelaide  Proctor 45  Elmdale  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Jackowitz,  Annie  Catherine 269  Martin  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Johnson,   Jessie   Gertrude Montclair,  N.  J. 

Kenyon,   Maybell   Constance Hopkinton,  R.  I. 

Kerr,  Josephine  Rose 568  Wood  St.,  Bristol,  R. 

Larkin,  Charlotte  Stillman. Ashaway,  R. 

Lindsay,  Ethel  Louise 62   Camp   St.,  Providence,  R. 

MacLellan,  Ella  Grace Y.  W.  C.  A,  Providence,  R. 

McCabe,    Margaret    Isabelle Blackstone,  Mas  . 

McElroy,  Alice  Rosalie 256  Wickenden  St.,  Providence,  R. 

McKenzie,    Margaret  Jane North    Smithfield,  R. 

McTernan,  Mary  Frances 61  Providence  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Mee,  Delia  Veronica 28  Cherry  St.,  Woonsocket,  R. 

Nolan,  Frances  Gertrude 294  Douglas  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

O'Donnell,  Annie  Regina 159  High  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Parker,  Florence  Adele 59  Doane  St.,  Cranston,  R.  I. 

Payne,  Ethel  Whipple  Chamberlain 306  High  St.,  Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Peckham,  Edith  May 120  Commonwealth  Ave.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Pickering,   Sara   Leona Blackstone,  Mass. 

Reilly,  Mary  Louise 231  Federal  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Rigney,  Mary  Viola Allenton,  North  Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Robbins,  Eva  Frances 95  Clarence  St.,  Auburn,  R.  I. 

Roche,  Mary  Louise Pierce  St.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Rose,  Annie  Rebecca..  120  Commonwealth  Ave.,  Attleboro  Falls,  Mass. 

Schwab,  Augusta  Ernestine 165  Calhoun  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Stedman,   Bertha   May 122   Pleasant   St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Stewart,  Marion  Frances Ashton,  Cumberland,  R.  I. 

Tracy,  Katherine  Matilda 476  Branch  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Vanier,  Ella  Louise 32  Union  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Waters,  Susan  Rebecca 54  Waller  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

West,  Helen  Josephine 95  Roanoke  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Williams,  Ida  Arlein 675  North  Broadway,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

JUNE,  1909. 

Barnes,  Florence Mendon  Road,  Ashton,  R.  I. 

Beebe,  Clara  Haskell 125  High  St.,  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J. 

Bliss,  Mildred  Emily R.  F.  D.  No.  1,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Bray,  Mercy 48  Anthony  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R. 

Brodie,  Wilhelmina  Rutherford 13  West  St.,  Westerly,  R. 

Bryans,  Maud  Ervella West  Barrington.  R. 

Childs,   Cora 11   Sefton   Drive,   Edgewood,  R. 

Clark,   Eugene   Ralph Lonsdale,  R. 


182  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Currie,  Clara  Jane 10  Holden  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Dailey,  Helen  Clotilde 485  Park  Ave.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Dyer,  Mary  Theresa 78  Freeborn  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Eldred,  Jennie  May 3  Chase  St.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Giblin,  Teresa  Dorothy ....  Narragansett  Terrace,  Crescent  Park,  R.  I. 

Greene,  Emily  Bennett 7  School  St.,  Westerly,  R.  1. 

Hall,  Florence  Blanche 48  High  St.,  North  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Jackowitz,  Elizabeth  Agnes 269  Martin  St.,  East  Providence,  R. 

Jackson,    Almira    Gertrude Centreville,  Warwick,  R. 

Jenks,  Avis  Browning 22  Eighth  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Kennedy,  Grace  Agnes 26  Cypress  St.,  Providence,  R. 

McCoart,  Mary  Veronica 8  Linden  Ave.,  Rumford,  R. 

McCormick,  Genevieve  Maria 51  Cushman  St.,  Pawtucket,  R. 

Mclnerney,  Anna  Louise 15  Francis  Ave.,  Auburn,  R. 

McNeal,  Kathleen  Genevieve 225  East  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R. 

Page,  Lillian  Adeline 52  Wood  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Palmer,  Cecile  Cassius East  Greenwich,  R.  I. 

Phillips,  May  Adalyn 279  George  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Searle,  Edna  Louise Oaklawn,  R.  I. 

Steere,  Adah  Evelyn Harmony,  R.  I. 

Stone,  Ida  Isabel 73  Mitchell  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Tracy,  Helen  Frances 476  Branch  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Tully,  Sara  Gertrude 47  Park  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Watrous,  Mildred  Lavergne Hope  Valley,  Hopkinton,  R.  I. 

Webber,  Elizabeth  Mary Monroe  Centre,  Maine 

West,  Sara  Veronica 258  California  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Whaley,  Grace  Catherine 16  Woodbine  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


KINDERGARTEN — JUNE,  1909. 

Angell,  Lucia  Edna 42  Arch  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Beebe,  Lila  Adeline 87  Dartmouth  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Bowen,  Mary  Agnes 984  Main  St.,  Worcester,  Mass. 

Browne,  Marion  Blanchard 48  Lyon  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Conley,  Deborah  Rose Block  Island,  R.  I. 

Corrigan,   Eleanor  Genevieve Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Fallen,  Elizabeth  Leonie 34  Potter  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  T. 

King,  Helen  Swinburne 11  Clinton  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

McVay,  Alice  Geraldine 174  Summit  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

O'Connor,  Olive  Rossiter 81  Evergreen  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Ruoff,  Dorothea  Barbara 27  Amy   St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Sawyer,  Annie  Eastwood Shawomet  Beach,  R.  I. 

Speers,  Margaret  Jane 22  Summer  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  183 


NAME.  '  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Tuckef,  Ethel  Aldrich Kingston,  R.  I. 

Walsh,  Mary  Agnes 21  Mill  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

JANUARY,  1909. 

Agnew,  Kathryn  Frances 21  Gibbs  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Bailey,    Helen    Gertrude Swansea,  Mass. 

Barry,  Charlotte  Agnes 60  East  Manning  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Bixby,  Gladys  Mabelle 46  Stanwood  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Bode,  Gertrude  Elizabeth 33  Ridge  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Brodie,  Mary  Jane  Campbell Westerly,  R. 

Brooks,  May  Irene Ashton,  Cumberland,  R. 

Burges,  Marion  Lilleth Norwood,  Warwick,  R. 

Carroll,  Fannie  Catherine 131  Tockwotton   St.,  Providence,  R. 

Cook,  Cora  May  Adams 34  Dean  St,  Woonsocket,  R. 

Crawshaw,    Maye   Louise 37    Porter   St.,  Taunton,  Mass. 

Cronin,  Ethel  Carter 25  Newcornb  Place,  Taunton,  Mass. 

Devanney,  Teresa  Joanna 79  Brook  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Dillon,  Agnes   Margaret 38   Walling   St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Donovan,  Katherine  Pauline 20  Bacheller's  Court,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Fitton,   Gertrude   Margaret 477   Broadway,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Gallup,   Alice   May East    Street,  Mansfield,  Mass. 

Gilmore,  Erastine  Bright 14  Perrin  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Harrington,  Alice  Mary 14  Calvert  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Holt,  Gertrude  Marguerite 100  Almy  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Jenckes,   Eliza   May Centredale,  R.  I. 

Jones,   Melissa  Anne 291   Spring  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Kelly,  Winifred  Elizabeth ....  10  Prospect  St.,  North  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Kennedy,  Mary  Cecilia 549  Broadway,  Providence,  R.  I. 

King,    Marguerite    Williams Mystic,  Conn. 

Knight,  Minnie  Edna 68  Lloyd  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Lillibridge,   Marjorie  Vinal 46  Doyle  Ave.  Providence,  R.  I. 

Lincoln,  Clara  Louise 30  Church  St.,  North  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Lonergan,  Genevieve  Rose Joyce  St.,  Warren,  R.  I. 

Lundin,  Esther 164  Massachusetts  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

MacLellan,  Rowena 87  John  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Manchester,  Myra  Louise Tiverton,  R.  I. 

McCartin,  Ellen  Theresa 441  Fountain  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McKivergan,  Anna  Kathryn 123  Atlantic  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Moreau,  Blanche  Albina 4  Fletcher  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Murray,  Katharine  Regina 165  Pine  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Nelson,  Nellie  May 13  Halsey  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Nickerson,  Irene  Mabel 71  Princeton  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


184  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  p.  Q.  ADDRESS. 

O'Neill,  Katharine  Gertrude 201  Oakland  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

O'Reilly,  Helen  Regina 971  Branch  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Phillips,  Jennie  Winchester Allenton,  North  Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Prentiss,  Inez 34  Moulton  St.,  North  Weymouth,  Mass. 

Purdy,  Lelia  Jane 148  Cottage  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Rawson,  Ethel  Almira 134  Bridgham  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Regan,  Alice  Veronica 12  Russell  St.,  Taunton,  Mass. 

Ryan,  Grace  Marguerite 441  Broad  St.,  Lonsdale,  R.  I. 

Schwarz,  Bessie  Rogers 24  Tilley  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Sherwood,  Carrie  Grace 19  Hay  ward  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Sullivan,  Kathryn  Ursula 488  Thames  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Sullivan,  Margaret  Pickett 17  Burnside  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I, 

Sullivan,  Mary  Burke 25  Carey  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Teasdale,  Gladys  Minnie Ellis  Road,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Tillson,  Leila  Amelia 5  Perrin  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Tinkham,  Marian  Lois Warren,  R.  I. 

Warren,  Gertrude  Louise Blackstone,  Mass. 

Wetherell,  Hannah  Sylvina 4  Wesley  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Wheeler,  Laura  Kempton 125  Ingell  St.,  Taunton,  Mass. 

Whiteknact,  Emma  Grace 114  Tremont  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 


SENIOR  A  CLASS— JANUARY  28,  1910. 

Alger,  Anna  Mary 23  Brinly  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Baker,  Edith  Maywood 101  Aldrich  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Barney,  Susan  Hammond 20  Dartmouth  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Barry,  Genevieve  Thomas 60  East  Manning  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Brennan,  Mary  Martha 75  Abbott  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Burdick,  Edith  Emily Pawcatuck,  Stonington,  Conn. 

Carr,  Louise  Cory .Jamestown,  R.  I. 

Carroll,  Elizabeth  Gertrude 658  Chalkstone  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

Clarke,  Martina  Elizabeth 104  Camp  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Crawford,  Lillian  Bell 46  Clarendon  St.,  Auburn,  R. 

Cronin,  Catherine  Margaret 11  Handy  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Crossley,  Marion  Augusta 1412  Broad  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Disley,  Florence  Gertrude 911  Smith  St.,  Providence,  R. 

Donahue,  Elizabeth  Ryder 67  Rochambeau  Ave.,  Providence,  R. 

Dunn,  Sarah  Veronica 127  Vinton  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Ekstrom,  Agnes  Hilda Norwood,  R.  I. 

Ells,  Mary  Victoria 12  John  St.,  Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Fisher,  Goldina  Mabel 263  Benefit  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Five,  Elsie  Mary 582  South  Main  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Foley,  Katharine  Louise 262  Point  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  185 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Gardner,  Mary  Nettie 120  Transit  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Griswold,  Clara  Elizabeth 72  Carpenter  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hager,  Grace  Evelyn 700  Park  Ave.,  Auburn,  R.  I. 

Harrington,  Mary  Angela 415  Wickenden  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hart,  Jennie  Frances 85  Vine  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Healey,  Matilda  Gertrude 38  Market  St,  Warren,  R.  I. 

Hofeditz,  Mary  Louise 51  Oxford  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Howard,  Marie  Regina 165  Holden  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Kelly,  Katherine  Helen 291  Pine  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Kimball,  Harriet  Hawley Simmonsville,  Johnston,  R.  I. 

King,  Katherine  Theresa 80  Dover  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Lovell,  Millicent  Frances .489  East  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Mailloux,  Georgiana  Emma 832  Elm  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Martin,  Agnes  Bruce 64  Crescent  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Maver,  Marie  Stella 164  Pond  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McEvoy,  Alice  Helena 181  Woodward  Road,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McGrath,  Annie  Irene 101  North  Main  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

McHugh,  Gertrude  Elizabeth 6  Bingham  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McMahon,  Mary  Perpetua 190  North  Bend  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

McVay,  Helen  Barbara 174  Summit  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Meegan,  Marion   Christina 21  Barstow  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Miller,  Gertrude  Charlotte 80  Seymour  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Natke,  Ethel  May 159  Lonsdale  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Norris,  Charlotte  Elizabeth 18  Moss  St,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

O'Brien,  Marian  Frances 15  Marrin  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Peckham,  Annie  Laurie  Winnibel. .  .91  Green  End  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Robertson,  Margaret  Isabel 7  Pacific  St.,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

Rowen,  Mar}'  Margaret 609  Broadway,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Ryan,  Frances  Augusta 441  Broad  St.,  Lonsdale,  R.  I. 

Salisbury,  Beatrice  Elthea 94  Andem  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Sanford,.Ella  Wilson 7  Congdon  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Shea,  Mary  Elizabeth 82  Blackball  St,  New  London,  Conn. 

Stucker,  Alice  Estelle 25  Hoyle  St..  Providence,  R.  I. 

Sullivan,  Gertrude 8  Bridge  St,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Sullivan,  Madeleine  Teresa 54  Vernon  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Sweers,  May  Rose  Lawrence 521  Broad  St.,  Lonsdale,  R.  I. 

Wilcox,  Florence  Eveline Noank,  Conn. 

Woodman,  Hazel  Whittier 75  Updike  St.,  Providence.  R.  I. 

Young,  Bessie  Watson. 23   Pomona  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Young,  Mildred 189  Central  St,  Central  Falls,  R.  I. 

SENIOR  A  CLASS — JUNE  24,  1910. 

Abrams,  Esther  Julia 215  Meeting  St,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Beebe,  Natalie 124  High  St,  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J. 

Blessing,  Irene  Mercy 56  Prairie  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Brown,  Catherine  Laurentia 34  Zone  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 


1 86  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

*Brown,   Cora West  Kingston,  R.  I. 

Burns,  Janet  Park 1133  Cranston  St.,  Arlington,  R.  I. 

Chaimplin,  Eva  May  Teresa Exeter  Hill,  R.  I. 

Cheetham,  Florence  Mercedes 231  Division  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Connon,  Isabella  Mary 154  Laban  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Curry,  Mary  Josephine 34  Rosedale  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Donovan,  Mary  Eleanor 68  Larch  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Dykes,   Margaret  Black 887   Branch  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Fallon,  Catherine  Virginia 34  Potter  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Fitzpatrick,  Alice  Melissa Arkwright,  R.  I. 

Gillette,  Mary  Adelaide 1367  Westminster  St.,  Providence,  R.  I 

Gillette,  Sarah  Elizabeth 1367  Westminster  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hodnett,  Catherine  Theresa 18  Winsor  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Huntley,  Carrie  Belle 217  Main  St.,  Claremont,  N.  H. 

Jackson,  Lelia  Catherine  Deon 43  Hall  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Kelcher,  Mary  Elizabeth 167  West  Broad  St.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Kiernan,  Marie  Celestine 213  Carpenter  St.,  Providence,  R.  I 

Lane,  Edith  May Warwick,  R.  I. 

Long,  Mary  Elizabeth 13  Summer  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Lyons,   Kathryn  Agnes 678  Atwells    Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McGair,    Mary 22    Harriet  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McKenna,  Lucy  Cecilia 132  Hudson  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mason,  Edith  Ray Wickford,  North  Kingstown,  R.  I. 

Moore,  Edna  Josephine 31  Langdon  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mulvey,  Anna  Eleanor 28  Marlborough  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Osborne,  Ruth  Holden 35  Greene  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Pike,   Florence  Orlanda 124   Camp  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Reardon,  Catherine  Agnes 269  West  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

*Round,  Clarissa  Beatrice Anthony,  R.  I. 

Saunders,   Ethel   Justine Lafayette,  R.  I. 

Shannon,  May  Alicia Wakefield,  R.  I. 

Shapleigh,  Rachel  Ayers 42  Washington  St.,  East  Milton,  Mass. 

Steere,  Emily  Annie 127  Bridgham  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Stewart,  Marion  Kilton 122  Rochambeau  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I 

Toolin,  Martina  Madeline Cowesett,  Warwick,  R.  I. 

Williams,  Ruth  Isabelle 72  Marshall  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Wood,  Eleanor  Townsend 48  Candace  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

KINDERGARTEN  SENIOR  CLASS — JUNE  24,  1910. 

Elaine,  Jessie  May 445  Wellington  Ave.,  Auburn,  R.  I. 

Brereton,  Alice  Eleanor 433  Hope  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Douglas,  Agnes  May  Edwina 599  Smith  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gleason,  Nellie  Mabel 10  Bliss  Road,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Hazard,  Gwendoline  Gladys ......  349  Elmwood  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Johnson,  Pearl  Minette 298  California  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Lovett,  Pearl  Margaret  Tennessee Crompton,  R.  I. 

Palmer,  Nellie  Winchester Wakefield,  R.  I. 

Plummer,  Ethel  Collins 11  Thurston  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Waite,  Annie  Louise 177  Linwood  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mowry,  Edna 269  Carrington  Ave.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

O'Connor,   Mary  Frances Tiverton,  R.  I. 

*  Withdrawn  from  school  during  the  past  year. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  187 


NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

SENIOR  A  CLASS— JANUARY,  1911. 

Atkinson,  Mabel  Laura Rehoboth,  Mass. 

Ballard,  Elizabeth  Irene 25  Ridge  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Banigan,  Nellie  May 11  Eleventh  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Barbour,  Grace  Irene 90  Ford  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Barnes,  Lydia  May Mendon  Road,  Ashton,  R.  I. 

Bartlett,  Gladys  Isora Nasonville,  R.  I. 

Bourne,  Bernice  Beatrice 10  Lloyd  Ave.,  Phillipsdale,  R.  I. 

Bourne,  Lottie  Emma 10  Lloyd  Ave.,  Phillipsdale,  R.  I. 

Bowen,  Elsie  Elizabeth R.  F.  D.  No.  4,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Boylan,  Mary  Frances 110  Donelson  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Brennan,  Magdalene  Cecelia Peace  Dale,  R.  I. 

Buchanan,  Agnes 50  Webster  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Campbell,  Grace  Edna 617  Broadway,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Carroll,  Helen  Elizabeth 679  Cranston  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Carroll,  May  Louise 772  Hope  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Connell,  Bertha  Marguerite 889  Cranston  St.,  Arlington,  R.  I. 

Coutanche,  Agnes  Cecelia 335  Williams  St,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Coyne,  Jane  Agatha 1632  Chalkstone  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Cummiskey,  Margaret  Gertrude  Alexis Crompton,  R.  I. 

Cummiskey,  Monica  Ellen  Aurelia Crompton,  R.  I. 

Dennis,  Anna  Lockwood.  .2938  Pawtucket  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Donovan,  Agnes  Helen 16  Rocket  St.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Doran,  Frances  Andrea 32  Jenkins  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Dring,  Jane  Brennan 24  Old  Beach  Road,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Farley,  Agnes  Christina  M 178  Laurel  Hill  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Farrell,  Mary  Frances Arkwright,  Coventry,  R.  I. 

Gallagher,  Sarah  Ignatia 874  Branch  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Galvin,  Katherine  Louise East  Greenwich,  R.  I. 

Garrity_,  Elizabeth  Catherine 82  Main  St.,  Blackstone,  Mass. 

Gaskin,  Mary  Lucina 202  High  St.,  Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Graham,  Helen  Ruth 440  West  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Hammarlund,  Edith  Christina.  .182  Sutton  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 
Harris,  Maud  Gwendolyn.  .345  Waterman  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Hawkins,  Mildred  Louise 52  Hancock  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Hoffman,  Ruth  Eleanor   Connor Lyndonville,  Vermont. 

Holton,  Annie 44  Winthrop  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Kelley,  Margaret  Frances 212  Bay  State,  Taunton,  Mass. 

Leddy,  Mary  Imelda ' 38  Franklin  St.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

McCarthy,  Christine  Agnes 13  Adams  St.,  Taunton,  Mass. 

Mitchell,  Jennette  Harrison 24  Lawn  Ave.,  Pawtuxet,  R.  I. 

Monahan,  Catherine  Edwina 223  Wickenden  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Moody,  Bessie  Arabelle 20  Hancock  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Mulligan,  Helen  Marguerite 71  Beaufort  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

O'Connor,  Alice  Barbara. .  .290  Mineral  Spring  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

O'Neil,  Alice  Florence 348  Public  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

O'Neil,  Bertha  Kathryn 164  Potter  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Peckham,  Barbara  Carlotta 9  Tilley  Ave.,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Perry,  Irma  Linda 336  Benefit  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Poland,  Agnes  Frances 27  Langdon  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Quinn,  Frances   Margaret 64  Oak  St.  Providence,  R.  I. 

Rounds,  Gertrude  Emma R.  F.  D.   No.  1..  Attleboro,  Mass. 


1 88  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 


NAME.  P.  O.  ADDRESS. 

Sawtelle,  Ruth  Rosamond Blackstone,  Mass. 

Sherwood,  Vera  Hazel 19  Hay  ward  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Shippee,  Marion  Elwood East  Greenwich,  R.  I. 

Smith,  Bertha  Ellis 15  Smith  St.,  Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 

Smith,  Helen  Gertrude 89  Kenyon  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Smith,  Lucy  Katherine 48  Anthony  St.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Taylor,  Hulda  May Phenix,  R.  I. 

Thornton,  Grace  Eliza 11  Squanto  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Totten,  Martha  Jane 51  Lonsdale  Ave.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Urquhart,  Christine  McDonald Ledge  Road,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Williams,  Gladys  Brown 100  Morris  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

SENIOR  A  CLASS — JUNE  25,  1911. 

Budlong,   Florence   Edith Norwood,  R.  I. 

Carmody,  Helen  Julia  Rose 343  Broadway,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Carr,  Margaret  Mary 149  Jewett  St.  Providence,  R.  I. 

Chapman,  Irene  Lucy 191  Carpenter  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Cotter,  Helen  Josephine 721  Potter  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Cunningham,  Delia  Irene 11  Avon  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Curran,  Gertrude  Louise 10  Burnside  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Daley,  Catherine  Agnes Uxbridge,  Mass. 

Deahy,  Elizabeth  Cecelia 58  Barton  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Devlin,  Rose  Genevieve 482  Douglas  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Donelly,  Mary  Irene 184  North  Bend  St.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

Eddy,  Mabel  Hannah 15  Forest  St.,  Taunton  Mass. 

Ennis,  Zella  Corrinne 3  Chestnut  St.,  Westerly,  R.  I. 

Fitzpatrick,  Anna  Frances 155  Arthur  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Gaynor,  Margaret  Frances 21  Second  St.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Gray,   Pauline  Margaret 229  Gano  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Greenwood,  Bessie 499  Broad  St.,  Lonsdale,  R.  I. 

Hayes,  Margaret  Mary 73  Armstrong  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Jordan,  Emma  Mae Danielson,  Conn. 

Lee,  Ida  Noble 1  Whittemore  Place,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Lillibridge,  Florence  Minnette Burnside  Ave.,  Attleboro,  Mass. 

Lynch,  Madge  Frances 260  Point  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McCrystal,  Sadie  Gertrude Natick,  R.  I. 

McGovern,  Anna  Loretta  Cecelia 27  Pierce  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

McManus,  Mary  Catherine 144  Prairie  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Mee,  Ann  Evangelist 28  Cherry  St.,  Woonsocket,  R.  I. 

Moulton,  Sarah  Penelope 518  Public  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Neary,  Gertrude  Irene 104  Union  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Nowell,  Beatrix  Eleanor 7  Washburn  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

O'Brien,  Annie  Louise Mulberry  St.,  Warren,  R.  I. 

O'Brien,  Nora  Cecelia 59  Dartmouth  Ave.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

O'Sullivan,  Katherine  Elizabeth 23  Park  St.,  Taunton,  Mass. 

Read,  Margaret  Isabel 66  Dunedin  St.,  Arlington,  R.  I. 

Reynolds,  Grace  Garland 85  Ford  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Rockwell,  Marguerite  Ross 7  Pemberton  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Sullivan,  Elizabeth  Regina....52  Taunton  Ave.,  East  Providence,  R.  I. 

Thornton,  Alice  Waterman 44  Bridgham  St.,  Providence,  R.  T. 

Tucker,   Marguerite  Grace 45  Baker  St.,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Wickett,  Harriet   Smith   Cynthia Howard,  R.  I. 

KINDERGARTEN   SENIOR  CLASS — JANUARY  27,  1911. 

Fiske,  Georgia  Frances 166  George  St.,  Providence,  R.  T. 

Selleck,  Marjorie  Louise 68  Mendon  Road,  Cumberland  Hill,  R.  I. 


REV.  DANIEL  GOODWIN, 

ASSISTANT    PRINCIPAL. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

Memories  of  the  Normal  School  at 
Bristol,  R.  I. 

BY  MRS.  S.  S.  DRURY  (HANNAH  W.  GOODWIN). 


In  the  year  1854,  I  entered  the  Rhode  Island  State  Normal 
School,  which  at  that  time  held  its  sessions  in  the  lecture 
room  of  the  Second  Universalist  Church  on  Broad  street  in 
Providence.  Mr.  Dana  P.  Colburn,  educated  in  Normal 
School  of  Framingham,  Massachusetts,  was  principal  and 
Mr.  Arthur  Sumner,  of  Cambridge,  Masaschusetts,  his  assist- 
ant, who,  however,  left  after  a  few  months  and  I,  having  had 
some  previous  experience  in  a  country  district  school,  became 
pupil  teacher.  The  next  year  I  was  made  a  regular  assistant, 
as  were  two  other  previous  pupils,  Miss  Emma  Brown  and 
Miss  Annie  Saunders,  afterwards  Mrs.  Robert  Fielding  of 
the  Fielding  &  Chase  Girls'  Private  School  of  Providence. 
In  those  days  Brown  University  was  a  strong  supporter  of 
the  Normal  School.  President  Sears  often  gave  addresses. 
Prof.  James  Angell  was  a  constant  lecturer,  and  Prof.  S.  S. 
Greene  for  several  terms  taught  regularly  in  English  grammar. 

But  in  1857,  everything  was  altered  by  the  removal  of  the 
school  to  Bristol.  The  legislature  made  this  change,  probably, 
through  the  strong  wish  of  some  of  its  country  members 
that  all  of  the  small  towns  of  the  State  might  come  under  the 
influence  of  the  "academic  atmosphere,''  which  the  Normal 
School  was  supposed  to  spread.  Bristol  was  the  place  chosen. 


190  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

largely,  I  think,  because  it  was  the  home  of  Dr.  Thomas 
Shepard,  pastor  of  the  First  Congregational  Church,  and  leader 
in  every  sort  of  educational  movement  in  the  State,  as  well 
as  in  his  own  town.  Indeed  Dr.  Shepard  had  taken  such  a 
lively  interest  in  the  school  and  had  admired  so  heartily  Mr. 
Colburn's  methods  of  teaching,  that  while  the  school  was  still 
in  Providence,  he  had  sent  one  of  his  daughters  to  be  under 
Mr.  Colburn's  instruction,  although  she  had  no  intention  of 
herself  becoming  a  teacher.  On  leaving  Providence  the 
school  lost  Miss  Brown  and  Miss  Saunders  from  its  teaching 
force,  but  their  place  was  taken  by  my  brother,  Daniel  Goodwin, 
who  very  soon  afterward  became  an  Episcopal  clergyman,  but 
who  had  at  that  time  only  just  graduated  from  Brown  Univer- 
sity. When  we  came  to  Bristol  in  September,  1857,  the 
Congregationalists  had  recently  moved  into  a  new  stone  church 
and  the  town  had  acquired  their  old,  white  steepled  building  for 
a  town  hall,  which  they  now  divided  into  two  stories,  in  order 
to  give  us  the  upper  half  for  a  school  room.  I  remember 
though,  that  the  place  was  not  quite  ready  for  us  when  we 
were  ready  to  begin,  so  the  town  offered  us  the  Court  House,  in 
which  we  started  to  teach,  only  to  be  driven  out  by  the  County 
Court  itself  wanting  to  sit  there,  it  being  the  first  Monday  in 
September.  At  last  we  took  shelter  in  the  abandoned  Metho- 
dist Church,  at  that  time  standing  on  the  corner  of  the  common, 
and  I  remember  my  chagrin  at  finding  myself  standing  in  a  tall, 
old  pulpit  teaching  geography,  while  in  a  pew  beneath  me  and 
listening  to  my  instruction,  sat  the  august  Dr.  Shepard. 

In  a  letter  to  the  Providence  Evening  Press  written  by  one 
of  the  teachers,  two  years  later,  October,  1857,  I  find  the 
following  report : — 

"The  Autumn  term  of  the  State  Normal  School  has  now 
reached  the  middle  of  the  session  with  larger  numbers  than  at 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  191 

any  previous  time  since  its  removal  to  Bristol.  That  is  not 
a  little  remarkable,  considering  the  past  history  of  the  school. 
The  number  of  young  gentlemen  attending  the  present  session 
is  over  twenty,  quite  equal  to  that  of  the  young  ladies.  Thus 
a  large  class  of  our  State  teachers  is  being  reached,  which  was 
hardly  touched  while  the  Normal  School  was  in  Providence. 
This  infusion  of  masculine  spirit  has  been  marked  by  the 
organization  of  a  baseball  club,  and  a  Literary  Society  in 
connection  with  the  school." 

For  those  days  of  difficult  travel,  when  only  three  trains 
a  day  ran  between  Bristol  and  Providence,  we  had  pupils 
from  a  wide  range  of  country.  There  were  Miss  Griffith  and 
Mr.  Knowles  and  the  Stantons,  two  sisters  and  two  brothers, 
from  Charlestown  in  the  South  County,  the  Ballou's  from 
Woonsocket  and  three  Goodwins  from  Mansfield,  Massachu- 
setts, one  of  whom,  Edward,  left  school  when  he  was  only 
eighteen  years  old  to  go  to  war  and  to  give  his  life  for  his 
country.  From  Fall  River  there  were  also  several  young 
men,  among  them  I  remember  particularly  Mr.  Peleg  Harrison, 
who  has  lately  sent  me  a  copy  of  his  most  interesting  work, 
"The  Stars  and  Stripes  and  other  American  Flags." 

From  Portsmouth  on  ''The  Island"  came  George  Coggeshall, 
who  has  since  become  a  clergyman,  and  Miss  Mary  Emery, 
afterwards  Mrs.  Twing,  well  known  for  her  missionary 
journeys  around  the  world.  From  Bristol,  we  had,  naturally, 
many  pupils,  of  whom  Miss  Ellen  R.  Luther,  a  brilliant  mathe- 
matician, was  soon  chosen  as  third  assistant.  As  far  as  my 
memory  serves  me,  my  brother,  Mr.  Goodwin,  had  the  charge 
of  the  Literature  and  Elocution  and  several  courses  of  lectures 
on  general  topics;  for  instance:  one  week  he  talked  about  the 
various  styles  of  Greek  architecture  and  made  the  scholars 
find  practical  illustrations  of  them  in  the  streets  of  Bristol. 


192  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

For  my  part,  it  seems  to  me  that  I  was  given  whatever  the 
others  did  not  want,  a  little  mathematics,  some  history,  and 
geography;  now  and  then  a  class  in  Zoology,  in  the  interests 
of  which  I  had  an  aquarium,  and  in  botany,  that  sometimes 
continued  its  meetings  in  the  woods  and  pastures  outside 
the  town.  I  remember  that  on  one  of  these  expeditions 
Mr.  Horatio  Knowles  discovered  that  most  rare  plant,  a  white 
closed  gentian. 

The  head  of  the  school,  Mr.  Colburn,  had  written  a  series  of 
three  common  school  arithmetics,  much  in  vogue  in  that  day. 
Mathematics  was  his  subject,  and  especially  he  was  interested 
in  discovering  methods  for  making  children  understand  easily 
and  naturally  the  ordinary  bugbears  of  vulgar  fractions.  In 
this  direction  he  was  indeed  a  master.  He  had  an  unusual 
talent,  too,  for  rousing  enthusiasm  and  for  making  even  the 
dullest  pupil  feel  that  to  be  a  schoolmaster  was  to  be  one  of  the 
kings  of  the  world.  Even  though  it  is  more  than  fifty  years 
ago  I  have  never  forgotten  the  inspiration  of  his  Tuesday 
afternoon  lectures  on  the  theory  and  practice  of  teaching. 
Neither  have  I  forgotten  the  late  winter's  afternoon,  it  was 
the  1 5th  of  December,  1859,  when  I  heard  the  news  that 
Mr.  Colburn  had  been  thrown  from  his  horse  and  instantly 
killed.  As  he  had  been  the  life  of  the  school  in  his  lifetime, 
so  the  school  suffered  its  greatest  loss  in  his  death. 

Mr.  Colburn's  place  was  filled  for  a  few  months  by  my 
brother,  Mr.  Goodwin,  who  had  previously  left  the  school  to 
study  theology  and  when  he  was  obliged  to  go  back  to  the 
Seminary  in  New  York,  I  was  principal  of  the  school  for  a 
very  short  time,  until  in  the  spring  of  1860,  Mr.  Joshua  Kendall 
arrived  and  held  the  position  until  the  school  was  discontinued 
in  1865.  But  before  this  time  in  1863,  I  had  myself  left  the 
school  to  be  married  to  Dr.  Samuel  L.  Drury  of  Bristol,  where 


MRS.  S.  S.  DRURY. 

NEE  GOODWIN) 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  193 

I  have  lived  ever  since.  My  place  was  taken  by  Miss  Ellen 
LeGro  from  New  Hampshire.  One  event  which  happened 
before  I  left,  I  remember  with  great  distinctness — it  was  the 
tenth  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  the  school,  held  in 
September,  1862,  in  the  Congregational  Church,  in  Bristol. 
Although  it  was  in  the  midst  of  war  time,  and  many  young 
men  were  leaving  school  to  join  the  army,  they  came  back  from 
camp  that  day  to  say  goodbye,  as  well  as  other  alumni  from  the 
peaceful  professions,  and  my  brother  by  that  time  rector  of  a 
church  in  Bangor,  Maine,  came  too,  and  delivered  a  stirring 
address  on  "The  War  as  a  Teacher." 

Probably  the  war  was  one  of  the  reasons  why  after  this 
time  the  school  gradually  dwindled.  Bristol  had  always  been 
too  difficult  of  approach  for  any  large  number  of  pupils  to 
find  it  convenient  and,  I  have  said  before,  in  1865,  the  school 
was  temporarily  given  up,  but  a  school  which  had  had  the 
advantage  of  such  patronage  as  Dr.  Shepard's  and  such  teach- 
ing as  Mr.  Colburn's  cannot  soon  be  forgotten. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

The  Rhode  Island  Normal  School 
Alumni  Association. 


Fifteen  years  after  the  first  class  graduated  from  the  Rhode 
Island  Normal  School  the  Alumni  Association  was  formed; 
it  was  the  outcome  of  a  meeting  of  graduates  in  the  hall  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  in  Providence,  on  Oct. 
28,  1887,  when  addresses  were  made  by  Dr.  Morgan,  then 
Principal  of  the  school,  former  Principal  Greenough,  and 
others. 

Organization  was  effected  in  the  choice  of  Arthur  W.  Brown, 
72,  as  President,  Sarah  Marble,  72,  as  Vice-President,  and 
Susanna  Young,  '85  (now  Mrs.  Gushing),  as  Secretary- 
Treasurer. 

Edwin  A.  Noyes,  and  John  H.  Bailey  were  appointed  a 
committee  to  draw  up  a  constitution  to  be  presented  at  the 
next  meeting. 

The  following  year  this  committee  reported  and  in  accord- 
ance therewith  a  constitution  was  adopted.  Among  those  of 
the  Old  Normal  School  present  and  taking  part  in  the  discus- 
sion of  its  adoption  was  the  late  Judge  Pardon  S.  Tillinghast, 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State. 

Almost  from  the  date  of  its  organization,  the  association 
naturally  took  steps  to  promote  the  welfare  of  the  school.  Two 
committees  were  created,  one  on  Visitation  and  the  other  on 
Natural  History.  The  committee  on  Visitation  was  to  keep 


MRS.  CHARLES  HOWARD  REMINGTON. 

PRESIDENT   ALUMNI    ASSOCIATION.    '94. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  195 

in  touch  with  the  school  and  to  report  upon  its  work  and  its 
needs,  while  the  other  was  to  solicit  contributions  to  its 
cabinets  for  Natural  History. 

Of  the  committees  first  named  for  these  purposes,  J.  Lewis 
Wightman,  '82,  and  Valentine  Almy,  '90,  *were  chairmen 
respectively.  These  committees  proved  valuable  to  both  the 
school  and  the  Association. 

Specimens  and  collections  of  value  for  the  work  in  Natural 
History  were  received  from  graduates  and  others — Mrs.  Alice 
Locke  Park,  and  Mrs.  George  E.  Perkins,  making  notable 
contributions. 

In  1895,  in  response  to  a  suggestion  of  the  committee  on 
Visitation,  the  following  was  adopted:  "Resolved,  That  we, 
graduates  of  the  Rhode  Island  State  Normal  School,  in  grati- 
tude to  our  Alma  Mater  for  all  she  has  done  for  us,  present  to 
her  a  sum  of  money,  the  use  of  which  shall  hereafter  be 
determined." 

A  committee  was  appointed  to  receive  contributions  to  the 
fund  which  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  M.  Lila  Hurley,  as 
treasurer. 

At  the  first  meeting  in  the  new  building,  in  October,  1898, 
a  committee  was  appointed  to  suggest  to  what  purpose  the 
fund  then,  amounting  to  about  $300,  should  be  applied.  In 
accordance  with  their  recommendations,  it  was  voted  to  buy 
suitable  pictures  to  decorate  the  walls  of  the  school  library. 
.Mabel  C.  Bragg,  '89;  E.  A.  Noyes,  '78;  M.  Lila  Hurley,  '90; 
and  Mrs.  James  A.  Nealy,  '78,  were  authorized  to  make  the 
purchase. 

The  Class  of  January,  '78,  bore  the  expense  of  filling  one 
of  the  spaces.  A  surplus  of  about  $60  was  devoted  to  the 
purchase  of  casts  for  niches  in  the  lower  hall. 


196  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

Increasing  interest  in  the  Association  marked  the  years  as 
they  passed,  and  the  first  meeting  in  the  new  building  in  Oct., 
1898,  was  a  notable  one.  The  new  building  seemed  a  palace, 
compared  to  the  remodeled  high  school  building  which  had 
been  the  home  of  the  Association  since  1879. 

The  exercises  were  of  a  most  interesting  character,  and  the 
list  of  speakers  and  guests  included  educators  from  all  parts 
of  the  State. 

Previous  to  the  opening  of  the  annual  session,  a  reception 
was  held  in  the  library.  Miss  Joslin,  as  President  was  assisted 
by  Miss  Marble,  Honorary  President,  Governor  and  Mrs. 
Dyer,  and  Commissioner  Stockwell. 

Besides  those  already  named,  other  guests  included  Dr. 
Emerson  E.  White,  of  Columbus,  Ohio,  Professor  Will  S. 
Munroe,  of  Wakefield,  Mass,  and  Dr.  Ossian  Lang,  of  New 
York. 

The  exercises  were  held  in  the  study  hall,  Miss  Joslin 
presiding.  Commissioner  Stockwell  welcomed  the  alumni  to 
the  new  building,  and  addresses  were  made  by  Governor  Dyer, 
Principal  Gowing,  former  Principal  Littlefield,  and  Superin- 
tendent Tarbell  of  the  Providence  schools.  The  remainder  of 
the  evening  was  given  to  an  inspection  of  the  building  under 
the  direction  of  Chairman  Kendrick  and  others  of  the  Board 
of  Directors. 

In  1899  the  Normal  Club  was  organized  within  the  Alumni 
Association,  for  literary  study  at  the  Normal  School.  An 
account  of  its  doings  appears  elsewhere  in  this  volume. 

Rhode  Island  State  Normal  School  Alumni  Association's 
next  meeting  of  note  was  held  in  the  new  building,  on  Novem- 
ber 9,  1901,  with  an  attendance  of  about  200  of  the  Alumni, 
including  three  former  principals,  James  C.  Greenough,  the 
first  principal;  Hon.  George  A.  Littlefield,  and  Frederick 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  197 

Cowing,  as  well  as  the  present  principal,  Mr.  Charles  S.  Chapin. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  business  session,  Miss  Bragg 
introduced  Principal  Charles  S.  Chapin,  who  made  a  brief,  but 
interesting  address  upon  the  "Relation  of  the  Alumni  to  the 
School,"  after  which  the  Alumni  and  their  guests  were  bidden 
to  the  gymnasium  where  dinner  awaited  them.  The  records 
state  that  this  part  of  the  program  was  unusually  good,  and 
duly  appreciated. 

The  President,  Miss  Bragg  introduced  Miss  Sarah  Marble 
as  Toastmistress.  She  was  received  with  great  applause  and 
fulfilled  her  duties  with  much  grace  and  brilliancy.  This 
reunion  was  one  of  the  largest  in  the  history  of  the  Association. 

In  the  Fall  of  1908  the  officers  and  members  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee  of  the  Alumni  Association  met  and  planned 
a  meeting  to  be  held  November  6,  1908,  to  introduce  to  the 
Alumni  the  new  principal  of  the  school,  Mr.  John  L.  Alger  and 
Mrs.  Alger,  who  was  Miss  Edith  Goodyear,  one  of  the  teachers 
of  the  Normal  Training  School  at  its  inception.  Nearly  three 
hundred  members  of  the  association  greeted  the  following 
distinguished  persons,  Governor  James  H.  Higgins,  Dr.  and 
Airs.  Ranger,  Principal  and  Mrs.  Alger,  former  principals 
Greenough  and  Cowing,  Mrs.  Shedd  and  Miss  Deming,  who 
was  the  honored  guest  of  the  evening. 

In  the  absence  of  the  President,  Mrs.  Helen  Cheever,  the 
Vice-President,  Mrs.  Roby  Cole  Welch,  '92,  presided  at  the 
dinner.  Mr.  Valentine  Almy  introduced  the  speakers,  who 
were  the  guests  of  the  evening. 

At  the  conclusion  of  Miss  Deming's  remarks,  Mrs.  Susannah 
Young  Cushing  presented  to  Miss  Deming  a  purse  of  gold  as 
a  token  of  appreciation  and  love  from  the  Association,  the 
majority  of  whom  had  felt  her  strong  individuality. 


198  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

The  last  meeting  of  the  Association  was  held  November  6, 
1909,  at  the  State  Normal  School,  the  President,  Mrs.  Roby 
Cole  Welch  being  absent,  the  Vice-President,  Mrs.  Pearl  M.  T. 
Remington,  '94,  presided. 

On  this  occasion  the  following  speakers  were  introduced  by 
Mrs.  Mary  Tobin  Lynch  in  an  able  manner:  Mr.  Walter  E. 
Ranger,  Mr.  John  L.  Alger,  Principal  of  the  School,  Mrs. 
Sarah  Marble  Shedd,  Miss  Deming,  who  brought  us  greetings 
from  Professor  Wilson,  now  Principal  of  Washington  State 
Normal  School.  An  address  was  also  made  by  Miss  Clara 
Craig,  Supervisor  of  the  Training  Department,  and  Miss  Gard- 
ner, of  Warren,  R.  I. 

From  the  first  meeting  of  this  Association  to  this  day  the 
spirit  of  gratitude  and  loyalty  to  our  Alma  Mater  for  what 
she  has  done,  and  is  still  doing  for  her  children,  is  in  a  measure 
widening  and  growing  each  year.  Many  would  attest  they  owe 
to  her  what  has  helped  to  make  their  lives  of  service,  by  coming 
into  close  touch  with  the  broad  minded  men  and  women  that 
have  made  our  Normal  School  a  credit  to  our  State  and  an 
influence  which  is  felt  across  the  continent. 

The  following  are  the  present  officers:  President,  Mrs. 
Charles  Howard  Remington,  '94,  Vice-President,  Mrs. 
Jeannette  Hasten  Gory,  '91,  Secretary,  Miss  Ruth  C.  Earle,  '90, 
Treasurer,  Miss  Mary  L.  Currier,  '90. 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE: 
Mrs.  Charles  E.  Gilbert,  '87, 
Miss  Mabel  Frances  Stone,  '01, 
Miss  Anna  Potter  Burdick,  '03, 
Miss  Mildred  Louise  Sampson,  '04, 
Miss  Beatrice  Gill,  '05. 

Honorary  Presidents,  Mrs.  J.  Herbert  Shedd  and  Miss 
Charlotte  Deming. 


JOHN  L,  ALGER, 

PRINCIPAL. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

Courses  of  Study  and  Training 
of  the  Rhode  Island  Normal 
School,  1911. 


The  school  offers  five  courses  of  study,  as  follows : 

1.  A  general  course  of  two  and  one-half  years,  which  pre- 
pares for  teaching  in  the  primary  and  grammar  grades  of  the 
public  schools. 

2.  A  kindergarten-primary  course  of  the  same  length. 

3.  A  general  course  of  three  years,  including  the  work  of 
either  of  the  above  courses,  with  extra  electives. 

4.  A  special  course  of  one  year  for  teachers  of  experience. 

5.  A  course  for  college  graduates.      This  may  be  taken  in 
one  year  or  in  one  and  one-half  years,  according  to  the  student's 
previous  preparation  and  his  need  for  experience  in  the  train- 
ing schools. 

It  is  expected  that  students  who  enter  the  Normal  School  will 
show  a  reasonable  degree  of  proficiency  in  the  elementary 
subjects.  Students  entering  the  Normal  School  in  September 
may  now  elect  a  three-year  course,  including  such  reviews  as 
may  be  needed,  with  a  larger  number  of  electives  than  can  be 
taken  in  the  regular  course  of  two  and  one-half  years.  This 
will  give  a  richer  and  a  somewhat  easier  course  for  those  who 
need  the  extra  time,  or  are  able  to  take  it.  Students  who 
have  not  had  the  required  high  school  drawing,  or  high  school 
courses  of  reviews  of  the  elementary  subjects,  should,  as  a  rule, 
take  this  three-year  course. 

The  work  of  the  school  is  thoroughly  professional  from  the 
first.  Many  electives  are  offered,  including  advanced  courses 


200  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

and  training  in  kindergarten  subjects  and  in  the  various  forms 
of  the  manual  arts. 

Students  begin  their  observation  in  the  kindergarten  during 
their  first  term,  having  a  weekly  conference  with  the  Kinder- 
garten Supervisor  for  a  discussion  of  what  they  &ee  and  of 
underlying  principles.  This  is  followed  by  weekly  observa- 
tion in  the  grades,  and  conferences  with  the  Supervisor  of 
Training,  or  general  lectures  by  the  faculty. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  second  year  there  is  more  definite 
work,  with  observation  of  special  lessons  in  all  grades  and  the 
preparation  of  lesson  plans  in  the  different  school  subjects. 

For  the  fourth  half-year  the  students  are  divided  into  groups 
and  assigned  to  particular  grades  for  one  period  daily  of  obser- 
vation and  teaching.  At  intervals  the  groups  are  changed  and 
the  students  assigned  to  different  grades.  Carefully  prepared 
plans  for  the  lessons  that  are  to  be  taught  must  be  submitted  in 
advance  for  criticism.  The  students  in  a  group  teach  in  turn 
for  a  definite  number  of  weeks,  the  other  members  of  the  group 
assisting  in  the  preparation  of  plans  and  sharing  in  the 
criticism.  Constant  use  of  the  teaching  experience  and  of  the 
lesson  plans  is  made  in  the  various  classes. 

The  fifth  half-year  is  spent  entirely  in  the  training  schools. 
As  far  as  possible  each  student-teacher  is  given  charge  of  a 
room  under  regular  city  or  country  conditions.  Two  such 
rooms  are  under  the  direction  of  a  critic  teacher,  whose  entire 
time  is  given  to  this  work. 

In  the  kindergarten-primary  course  the  observation  after  the 
first  half-year  is  largely  in  the  kindergarten  and  primary  grades. 
The  forenoons  of  the  fourth  half-year  are  spent  as  assistants 
in  the  Normal  School  and  in  the  city  kindergartens.  For  the 
fifth  half-year  the  students  in  this  course  are  in  training  in  the 
primary  grades. 

This  system  of  training  embodies  to  a  remarkable  extent  the 
recommendations  of  the  ''Report  of  the  Committee  of  Fifteen 
on  the  Training  of  Teachers."  After  the  first  preliminary 
teaching  in  the  Observation  School,  student-teachers  are 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  201 

trained,  not  by  making  them  assistants  or  substitutes,  or  by 
giving  them  small  groups  of  children,  but  by  placing  them  in 
charge  of  regular  schools  under  such  conditions  as  they  will 
meet  after  graduation.  Here  during  five  months  of  specific 
training  they  are  thrown  on  their  own  resources  to  a  large 
extent.  They  learn  to  master  the  work  of  one  grade  and  to 
teach  with  due  regard  for  the  development  of  the  children ;  and 
they  gain  that  close  contact  with  child  life,  so  essential  to  a 
good  teacher,  which  can  be  gained  only  by  one  who  is  in  charge 
of  her  own  children. 

Observation  and  Training  Schools. 

The  observation  school  comprises  a  kindergarten  and  the 
eight  grades  of  the  city  schools,  with  about  forty  pupils  to  a 
room.  The  rooms  are  furnished  with  the  best  appliances. 

The  children  in  this  school  come  from  a  regular  city  district. 
Others  from  outside  the  district  are  admitted  on  the  payment 
of  tuition  at  the  rate  of  $32  a  year  for  the  kindergarten  and 
primary  grades,  or  $40  a  year  for  the  grammar  grades. 

The  training  schools,  in  which  the  Seniors  teach  for  the  last 
twenty  weeks  of  each  course,  are  located  in  different  parts  of 
the  State. 

Student  Government. 

Those  who  would  govern  others  must  first  learn  to  govern 
themselves.  The  student  body  of  the  Rhode  Island  Normal 
School  is  a  self-governing  democracy.  Every  student  is  a 
member  of  a  society,  whose  life  and  activities  is  regulated  by 
laws  enacted  by  the  student  body,  after  full  and  free  discussion, 
and  enforced,  as  far  as  enforcement  is  necessary,  by  officers 
of  their  own  choosing.  Officially  this  self-governing  body  is 
"The  Students'  League  of  the  Rhode  Island  Normal  School." 
The  machinery  of  the  League  is  of  the  simplest  sort :  a  presi- 
dent, vice-president  and  secretary,  with  representatives  chosen 
from  the  various  classes  constituting  the  executive  committee 
of  the  League. 


202  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

This  committee  exercises  a  general  supervision  of  school 
affairs ;  to  it  are  referred  not  only  many  questions  of  general 
policy,  but  all  matters  of  order  and  discipline,  and  its  recom- 
mendations, when  ratified  by  the  League,  become  the  laws  of 
the  school,  subject  only  to  final  appeal  to  the  principal. 

Organized  in  the  fall  of  1910,  the  League  has  already 
developed  large  possibilities  of  usefulness,  and  cultivates  among 
the  girls,  habits  of  thoughtful  responsibility,  deliberation,  and 
self  control,  which  will  find  expression  in  happy  and  well- 
ordered  school  rooms. 


THE  TRAINING  DEPARTMENT. 

In  the  report,  year  ending  June  30,  1893,  made  by  the 
Principal  William  E.  Wilson,  A.  M.,  he  says :  "The  model  and 
training  school  which  you  are  about  to  open  for  the  use  of  the 
Normal  School  is  unique  in  some  of  its  features  and  will  be 
an  experiment  as  regards  these  peculiarities.  There  will  be 
a  good  deal  of  interest  directed  toward  it  and  its  success  will 
be  a  matter  of  great  importance. 

Mrs.  Sarah  F.  Bliss,  Principal  of  the  Training  School, 
comes  from  the  State  Normal  College,  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  hav- 
ing previously  had  charge  of  the  Training  School  at  Saratoga 
Springs,  and  having  been  a  teacher  in  Purdue  University  in 
Indiana,  Miss  Edith  Goodyear  comes  from  the  Training  School 
in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Miss  Bosworth  from  Somerville,  Mass., 
Miss  Clara  Craig,  Miss  Phebe  E.  Wilbur,  and  Miss  Alice  W. 
Case  have  been  eminently  successful  teachers  in  the  public 
schools  of  Providence." 

Extracts:  Report  of  the  Trustees  of  the  State  Normal 
School,  1894. 

'The  chief  feature  of  the  year's  history  has  been  the  opening 
of  the  new  model  and  training  school.  This  school  is  situated 
on  Benefit  street,  at  the  corner  of  Halsey  street  in  the  building 


CLARA  E.  CRAIG. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  203 

formerly  used  by  the  City  as  a  grammar  school  and  latterly  as 
a  primary  school.  The  building  has  been  partly  remodeled 
and  added  to,  so  that  now  it  contains  twelve  rooms,  fitted  up 
in  excellent  style  with  all  modern  conveniences. 

"This  school  is  the  result  of  a  series  of  efforts  and  move- 
ments on  the  part  of  both  the  Trustees  of  the  Normal  School 
and  the  city  authorities,  extending  over  a  number  of  years,  but 
which  for  one  cause  and  another  were  never  able  to  come  to  a 
successful  issue. 

"The  first  result  of  the  establishment  of  this  school  has 
been  very  apparent  in  the  increased  zeal,  enthusiasm,  and 
genuine  professional  activity  which  it  has  awakened  in  the 
Normal  School  itself.  It  has  seemed  to  bring  the  actual  work 
of  teaching  so  much  nearer  the  pupils,  it  has  made  the  object 
of  their  studies  so  much  more  real,  that  it  has  quite  trans- 
formed the  school.  Its  very  existence  has  acted  as  an  inspira- 
tion to  even  the  youngest  pupils  in  the  school,  and  were  we  to 
derive  no  more  specific  benefits  from  it,  it  were  a  question 
whether  it  would  not  pay  for  our  share  of  its  cost  in  this  way." 

"The  training  department  has  been  in  operation  now  two 
years  and  we  can  begin  to  estimate  its  value  in  the  work  of  the 
Normal  School.  This  department  has  cost  the  Normal 
School  a  good  deal  besides  the  expense  of  carrying  it  on,  but  it 
has  been  of  inestimable  service.  The  study  of  education  and 
teaching,  with  concrete  illustrations  much  of  the  time  before 
the  student  and  in  her  own  experience,  is  a  very  much  more 
invigorating  and  -broadening  exercise  than  when  pursued 
abstractly  and  theoretically. 

"The  establishment  of  the  school  was  an  experiment,  of 
course,  and  one  which  has  been  made  under  trying  conditions, 
but  it  has  certainly  been  a  successful  one.  The  principal  and 


2O4  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

teachers  of  the  training  school  department  have  all  earned  and 
gained  the  gratitude  of  the  students  who  have  taken  their 
turn  in  that  interesting  part  of  the  course." 

Extract  from  Report  of  the  Board  of  Examiners  of  the 
Rhode  Island  Normal  School,  1896. 

"The  training  school  is  rendered  very  attractive  to  a  visitor 
by  the  fine  moral  atmosphere  which  pervades  it.  The 
discipline  is  most  humane  and  most  inspiring.  The  whole 
influence  of  the  critic  teachers  seems  well  adapted  to  draw 
forth  all  that  is  best  in  the  minds  and  hearts  of  the  children. 
The  value  of  the  school  to  children  is  evidently  not  diminished 
by  its  being  made  tributary  to  the  Normal  School." 

The  chief  honor  of  establishing  the  training  school  belongs 
to  Principal  W.  E.  Wilson,  whose  clear,  educational  ideals  and 
strong  qualities  as  a  teacher  made  him  an  authority  in  all 
matters  relating  to  the  school.  It  is  true  that  he  was  assisted 
by  Superintendent  Horace  S.  Tarbell,  Superintendent  of  the 
Schools  of  Providence,  by  Mr.  Frank  E.  Thompson  and 
Commissioner  Stockwell  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  but  the 
initiation  must  be  cheerfully  granted  to  Mr.  Wilson,  and  its 
success  shared  by  him  with  a  very  able  corps  of  training 
teachers  from  the  first. 

Providence  has  nine  training  schools,  Pawtucket  two, 
Cranston  two,  Harrington  one,  Central  Falls  one,  East  Provi- 
dence one,  Warwick  one,  and  Woonsocket  one. 


JOSHUA  KENDALL, 

PRINCIPAL    R.    I.    NORMAL   SCHOOL 
1860-65 


CHAPTER  XV. 
Principals  and  Assistants. 


JOSHUA  KENDALL. 

Joshua  Kendall  was  born  in  Waltham  (now  Belmont), 
Mass.,  Jan.  4,  1828;  entered  the  Bridgewater,  Mass.,  Normal 
School,  March,  1845;  was  assistant  in  that  school,  1847-48; 
graduated  from  Harvard  College,  1853;  was  chosen  as  head- 
master of  Mr.  Stephen  M.  Weld's  private  school  for  boys, 
remaining  four  years;  married  Phebe  Mitchell,  sister  of  the 
astronomer,  of  Nantucket,  Mass.,  Sept.,  1854;  in  1857,  took 
charge  of  the  .Huidekoper  Academy  for  young  ladies  in 
Meadville,  Pa. ;  took  charge,  as  principal  of  the  Rhode  Island 
Xormal  School,  at  Bristol,  R.  I.,  1860,  which  he  resigned  in 
1864,  to  take  charge  of  a  school  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  to  fit 
boys  for  college. 

A  son,  William  M.,  was  born  in  1856,  who  is  now  of  the 
firm  of  McKim,  Meade  and  White,  architects,  New  York. 
Mrs.  Kendall  died  in  1907.  Present  address:  47  Chester 
street,  West  Somerville,  Mass. 

DANIEL  AND  HARRIET  W.  GOODWIN. 

Two  of  the  strongest  personalities  of  the  first  Normal 
School  were  Daniel  Goodwin  and  his  sister  Harriet  W.  Good- 
win. Both  added  to  large  natural  talents  superior  training 
and  culture,  crowned  with  the  warmth  and  gentility  of  highly 
sympathetic  and  benevolent  natures.  Such  persons  always 
merit  and  achieve  success  in  teaching,  and  Mr.  and  Miss 


206  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

Goodwin  won  the  highest  regard  and  love  of  all  the  students 
who  came  under  their  instruction.  As  I  remember  the 
school  at  Bristol,  the  Goodwins  were  "the  bright,  particular 
stars"  of  the  faculty.  Both  taught,  governed  and  inspired  in 
a  way  that  told  mightily  on  conduct  and  character.  It  was 
not  so  much  what  they  taught  as  the  life  and  soul  that  backed 
and  inspired  the  teaching.  And  this  potent  influence  flowed 
as  a  natural  stream  from  a  living  fountain. 

Public  education  lost  two  very  potential  forces  when  Mr. 
Goodwin  decided  to  enter  the  Christian  ministry,  and  when 
Miss  Goodwin  became  the  wife  of  S.  S.  Drury,  M.  D.  of 
Bristol,  R.  I.  Mr.  Goodwin  is  now  Rev.  Daniel  Goodwin 
D.  D.,  Episcopal  rector  at  East  Greenwich,  R.  I.  and  'Mrs. 
Drury  resides  in  Bristol,  the  mother  of  a  fine  family. 

JAMES  C.  GREENOUGH. 

SUSAN  C.  BANCROFT.  MARY  L.  JEWETT. 

These  names  are  inseparably  associated  with  each  other  and 
with  the  foundation,  teaching  and  guidance  of  the  Rhode 
Island  Normal  School — James  C.  Greenough,  Susan  C.  Ban- 
croft and  Mary  L.  Jewett.  All  were  born  and  educated  in 
the  Connecticut  Valley  of  Massachusetts;  all  were  education- 
ally the  product  of  the  Westfield  Normal  School.  They  im- 
bibed and  taught  its  inductive  philosophy  and  its  Socratic 
methods.  It  was  a  great  good  fortune  for  the  aspiring  youth 
of  Rhode  Island  to  come  under  the  strong  influence  of  this 
distinguished  trio  of  teachers,  whose  ideals  became  the  work- 
ing models  of  so  many  teachers  of  our  own  and  neighboring 
states.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  through  the  Saturday 
Normal  classes  as  well  as  the  regular  classes  every  teacher 
and  school  in  Rhode  Island  was  instructed  and  uplifted  by 
these  leaders  of  professional  teaching.  It  is  not  too  much  to 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  207 

say  that  the  women  teachers  of  Rhode  Island  were  and  are  as 
deeply  indebted  to  the  personal  services  of  Misses  Bancroft 
and  Jewett  as  to  those  of  Mr.  Greenough.  Together  they 
set  the  pace,  the  standards  of  the  profession,  and  the  teachers 
of  Rhode  Island  have  been  loyal  followers.  Proudly  may 
the  teachers  say,  "I  was  a  pupil  of  James  C.  Greenough,  Susan 
C.  Bancroft  and  Mary  L.  Jewett  in  the  early  days  of  the 
Rhode  Island  Normal  School." 

James  C.  Greenough,  son  of  Thomas  and  Mary  J.  Green- 
ough, was  born  in  Wendell,  Mass.,  August  15,  1829;  grad- 
uated from  Williams  College  in  1860,  with  degree  of  A.  B. ; 
1873,  A.  M. ;  Brown  University,  A.  M.,  1876;  LL.D.  Berea 
College,  Ken.,  1899;  married  Jeannie  A.  Bates,  Westfield 
Mass.,  1860;  First  Assistant  State  Normal  School,  Westfield, 
1856-1871;  Principal  State  Normal  School,  R.  I.,  1871-1883; 
Principal  Mass.  Agricultural  College,  1883-1886;  Principal 
State  Normal  School,  Westfield,  1887-97;  A1Pha  Delta  Phi> 
Williams;  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  Brown;  Author,  Evolution  of  the 
Elementary  Schools  of  Great  Britain,  1903 ,  History  of  West- 
field,  Mass;  Contributor  to  various  periodicals;  Address, 
Westfield,  Mass. 

MRS.  J.  HERBERT  SHEDD. 

Miss  Sarah  Marble,  a  graduate  of  the  Friends  School, 
Providence,  R.  L,  and  a  successful  young  teacher,  entered  the 
Rhode  Island  State  Normal  School  in  the  fall  of  1871,  as  a 
student  and  was  graduated  in  June,  1872;  before  her  gradu- 
ation she  was  invited  to  become  a  teacher  in  the  school  the 
following  year  and  she  continued  as  such  until  June,  1905,  when 
she  became  the  wife  of  J.  Herbert  Shedd  of  Providence. 

In  1873  sne  attended  the  first  summer  school  at  Harvard 
College  and  studied  chemistry,  a  subject  she  was  teaching, 


2o8  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

under  Prof.  Charles  E.  Munroe.  A  few  years  later  Miss 
Marble  attended  the  summer  school  at  Bowdoin  College,  taking 
mineralogy,  which  she  was  teaching,  under  Prof.  Henry  Car- 
michael,  and  chemistry  under  the  late  lamented  and  distin- 
guished Prof.  F.  C.  Robinson.  She  availed  herself  of  a  winter 
course  in  mineralogy,  given  at  the  Institute  of  Technology 
by  Prof.  R.  H.  Richards.  When  called  upon  to  teach 
rhetoric,  she  again  went  to  Harvard  for  methods  under  Prof. 
Hurlbut. 

Miss  Marble  always  had  some  classes  in  English  Literature 
and  to  increase  her  usefulness  in  this  line  as  well  as  to  give 
her  pleasure,  she  was  given  leave  of  absence  to  lengthen  her 
summer  vacation  and  in  1885  visited  literary  shrines  in  Europe. 

Until  about  1900  every  person  on  the  occasion  of  his  gradu- 
ation read  an  essay:  Miss  Marble  trained  every  graduate  for 
the  public  reading  of  the  essay;  she  esteemed  excellent  oral 
reading  an  important  factor  in  the  development  of  character; 
she  added  to  her  natural  gifts  in  ths  line  of  work  by  counsel 
and  lessons  with  the  late  Prof.  Lewis  B.  Munroe,  and  others. 

Miss  Marble  has  said  that  what  she  attempted  to  do,  was  to 
build  character  in  her  students  which  would  help  them  to 
usefulness  and  happiness,  and  the  opportunity  came  in  helping 
them  to  prepare  for  the  teaching  profession. 

When  Miss  Marble  declined  a  re-election  the  Trustees  of  the 
Rhode  Island  Normal  School  passed  resolutions  of  which  the 
following  is  an  extract — 

"A  member  of  the  first  graduating  class  and  since  that  time 
an  indefatigable  and  'beloved  teacher,  she  has  held  a  high  place 
in  the  esteem  of  all  the  friends  of  the  school.  In  her  the  pupils 
have  ever  found  a  well  equipped  instructor,  a  wise  counsellor, 
a  true  and  sympathetic  friend.  To  them  she  has  taught  more 
than  text-book,  viz.,  the  beauty  and  wisdom  of  a  true  life. 


THOMAS  J.  MORGAN. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  209 

She  has  exemplified  with  her  associates  that  professional  spirit 
which  marks  a  sense  of  the  teacher's  calling.  She  has  been 
an  element  of  strength  and  honor  in  all  the  administrations  of 
the  school." 

THOMAS  J.  MORGAN. 

Gen.  Morgan  followed  James  C.  Greenough  as  Principal 
of  the  State  Normal  School,  a  very  difficult  task.  Mr. 
Greenough  and  his  associates  had  set  a  high  standard  for 
himself  and  all  his  successors  and  had  established  an  educa- 
tional and  moral  momentum  which  could  not  be  easily  or 
materially  checked. 

Gen.  Morgan  had  been  both  a  teacher  and  a  soldier. 

In  the  civil  war  he  was  brevetted  Brigadier  General  for 
conspicuous  valor  and  efficiency.  After  the  war  he  had  risen 
to  the  rank  of  Principalship  in  a  State  Normal  School  in  New 
York,  when  he  was  invited  to  Rhode  Island  in  1883.  The 
Normal  School  was  in  fine  condition  in  its  Benefit  street  home. 
Gen.  Morgan's  mind  was  alert,  quick,  aggressive.  His  moral 
character  was  strong,  vigorous,  magnetic;  leadership  was  a 
native  gift ;  action  a  controlling  purpose.  He  inspired  to 
being  through  doing.  Greenough  inspired  to  doing  through 
being.  Both  were  strong  men  on  different  lines  and  both 
impressed  the  Normal  School  with  strong,  individual  conceits, 
and  the  pupils  of  each  rise  up  to  honor  them.  Morgan  was  a 
vigorous  thinker  and  a  forcible  speaker.  In  the  role  of  a 
leader  and  an  orator  he  will  be  long  remembered  in  Rhode 
Island  by  the  prohibitionists  and  politicians  of  1885-87. 

On  the  election  of  Benjamin  Harrison  to  the  Presidency  of 
the  United  States,  in  1888,  Gen.  Morgan  was  invited  to 
become  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs  under  the  new 
administration,  for  which  he  was  well  qualified,  and  in  that 


210  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

service  he  closed  his  life.  It  may  be  said  that  the  prosperity  of 
the  Normal  School  was  enhanced  along  many  lines  through 
Gen.  Morgan's  administration,  and  his  associates  and  students 
gratefully  remember  his  personality  and  influence. 

GEORGE  A'BNER  LITTLEFIELD. 

George  Abner  Littlefield,  principal  of  the  State  Normal 
School  from  1889  to  1892,  was  born  in  Chelsea,  Massachusetts, 
on  February  nth,  1851.  He  was  the  son  of  James  and 
Francis  (Blair)  Littlefield,  his  father  being  a  native  of  Ken- 
nebunk,  Maine,  and  his  mother  of  Campton,  New  Hampshire. 
At  the  age  of  fourteen  years  he  was  thrown  upon  his  own 
resources,  as  many  New  England  boys  in  small  farming  com- 
munities have  been,  and  began  to  work  his  way  through 
school.  He  was  graduated  from  Kimball  Union  Academy  at 
Meriden,  N.  H.,  and  then  entered  Harvard  University,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  the  class  of  1878.  Throughout  the 
period  of  his  education  he  was  teaching  in  the  towns  of  Wey- 
mouth,  Danvers  and  Maiden  successively,  in  the  latter  town 
being  the  first  superintendent  of  schools.  From  Maiden  he 
went  to  Lawrence  as  superintendent,  and  while  there  was 
elected,  in  1880,  one  of  the  supervisors  of  the  Boston  schools. 
In  1882  he  was  called  to  Newport,  Rhode'  Island,  as  superin- 
tendent of  schools,  and  served  seven  years  in  that  office,  until 
1889,  when  he  came  to  Providence  as  Principal  of  the  State 
Normal  School.  On  July  i,  1892,  he  resigned  as  principal,  to 
enter  the  profession  of  law,  having  been  admitted  to  the 
Rhode  Island  bar  in  1889.  For  several  years  he  practised  law 
in  the  office  of  Thurston,  Ripley  &  Co.,  but  in  1895  opened  his 
own  office. 

During  the  time  that  he  was  connected  actively  with  edu- 
cational matters,  Mr.  Littlefield  occupied  various  offices,  in- 


GEORGE   A.    LITTLER  ELD, 

PRINCIPAL. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  211 

eluding  the  presidencies  of  the  Rhode  Island  Institute  of 
Instruction,  the  New  England  Association  of  School  Super- 
intendents, the  New  England  Normal  Council  and  the  Ameri- 
can Institute  of  Instruction. 

Mr.  Littlefield  served  on  two  occasions  as  Representative 
to  the  General  Assembly  from  Providence,  the  first  term  from 
1895  to  l%97  an(*  the  second  in  1900-1901.  He  was  a  Repub- 
lican in  politics,  and  as  a  campaign  orator  took  an  active  part 
in  politics  for  a  number  of  years.  As  an  orator  he  is  best 
remembered  for  his  addresses  on  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Dan- 
iel Webster,  which  he  delivered  many  times  throughout  New 
England. 

For  eleven  years  Mr.  Littlefield  was  Secretary  of  the  Rhode 
Island  Business  Men's  Association.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  eminent  Commander  of  St.  John's  Commandery  of 
Knights  Templar,  of  Providence,  and  throughout  his  life  took 
a  deep  interest  in  Masonry. 

He  was  married  on  November  24,  1879  to  Emma  Warren 
Bancroft  of  Maiden.  Of  the  six  children  born  to  them  five 
are  now  living — Mrs.  Kinsley  Blodgett,  wife  of  Rev.  Kinsley 
Blodgett  of  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  James  Bancroft  Little- 
field,  attorney-at-law  in  Providence,  who  was  associated  with 
his  father  in  practice,  Henry  Willis  Littlefield,  now  in  busi- 
ness in  Buffalo,  New  York,  Ivory  Littlefield,  now  a  student  in 
the  graduating  class  of  the  Harvard  Law  School,  and  Barbara 
Littlefield,  a  student  in  the  Junior  Class  in  Pembroke  College, 
Brown  University. 

Mr.  Littlefield  died  suddenly  in  Providence  on  August  28, 
1906,  as  a  result  of  blood-poisoning,  following  an  ulcerated 
tooth. 


212  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

WILLIAM  E.  WILSON. 

Mr.  Wilson  is  a  born  educator,  with  few  superiors  in  the 
United  States.  He  entered  the  Rhode  Island  Normal  School 
as  a  teacher  and  left  as  Principal  after  a  splendid  career  of 
more  than  eleven  years.  His  growth  to  normal  stature  was 
natural  and  rapid,  and  was  due  to  gifts,  temperament,  and 
ideals  of  a  peculiar,  genetic  type.  The  inductive  philosophy 
was  his  mental  process  as  it  was  with  Greenough.  Every  step 
in  the  education  of  a  child  from  its  birth  through  the  school 
curriculum  was  marked  and  measured  with  logical  exactness, 
along  clean  lines  of  procedure.  Guess-work  never  entered 
his  mental  laboratory.  Like  the  skilled  mariner,  he  followed 
the  chart  of  educational  progress,  guided  by  the  compass  of  a 
reasonable  philosophy,  and  illumined  by  the  lamp  of  Heaven's 
lighting. 

Mr.  Wilson's  pupils  became  philosophers  by  induction,  l»y 
the  true  teaching  impulses  and  inspiration.  The  machinery  of 
his  mental  processes  were  so  clear  and  transparent  that  it  be- 
came an  easy  matter  to  adjust  their  own  mental  processes  by 
his,  so  far  as  personal  individuality  is  transferable.  His  stu- 
dents became  investigators  along  the  lines  of  natural  methods 
and  can  never  lose  the  guidance  of  a  great  teacher  and  friend, 
for  Mr.  Wilson  was  more  than  an  intellectual  guide,  he  was  a 
true  and  sympathetic  friend.  Every  teacher  and  student  knew 
that  he  was  always  near  to  be  a  generous,  hearty,  sincere, 
manly  helper  for  seven  days  in  every  week  and  fifty-two  weeks 
in  every  year.  He  taught  by  example  the  value  of  the  person- 
al, magnetic,  inspirational  side  of  the  teacher,  independent  of 
learning  and  training.  The  students  of  Greenough  came  back 
to  their  Alma  Mater  to  find  a  man  who  exalted  character  to 
the  seat  of  honor,  and  service  as  the  goal  of  all  attainment, 
as  did  their  honored  leader. 


WILLIAM   E.  WILSON. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  213 

The  great  work  of  Mr.  Wilson's  principalship  was  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  Training  School,  now  in  successful  opera- 
tion in  several  towns  and  cities.  Mr.  Wilson  is  generous 
to  allow  Superintendent  Tarbell  of  Providence  an  im- 
portant place  in  the  inception  of  the  work,  but  the  credit  of  the 
methods  and  their  great  success  belong  to  Mr.  Wilson. 
To-day  Normal  Educators  come  from  all  parts  of  the  land 
to  study  and  adopt  the  training  methods  set  in  operation  by 
Mr.  Wilson. 

It  must  be  said,  too,  that  whatever  the  architectural  beauty 
of  the  present  Normal  building  may  be,  its  interior  plans  were 
Mr.  Wilson's  creation,  for  which  he  has  never  had  the  credit 
that  is  due  him.  There  was  no  detail  of  the  plans  as  finally 
adopted,  but  had  the  careful  study  of  the  practical  mind  of  Mr. 
Wilson.  If  it  is  a  model  Normal  School  building,  the  credit 
belongs  to  William  E.  Wilson,  whose  knowledge  of  school 
needs,  and  whose  supervisory  thought  incorporated  the  es- 
sential elements  of  a  finished  structure  in  the  building,  which 
will  be  a  monument  to  his  industrious  devotion  to  the  making 
of  men  and  women,  by  well  planned  appliances  of  education. 

From  what  has  been  said  it  must  necessarily  follow  that  a 
grave  mistake,  to  use  no  harsher  word,  was  committed  and 
an  irreparable  loss  sustained,  when  Mr.  Wilson  was  inot 
permitted  to  retain  his  principalship  of  the  Rhode  Island  Nor- 
mal School  and  enjoy  the  fruits  of  his  creative  work. 

Rhode  Island's  loss  was  Washington's  gain,  for  on  the 
Pacific  Slope,  Mr.  Wilson  is  now  doing  his  best  work,  in  a 
Normal  School  of  his  later  creation,  where  unfettered  by 
political  craft,  he  can  work  out  his  high  ideals  of  teacher- 
ship  and  citizenship. 


214  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

FRED  GOWING. 

Mr.  Fred  Cowing  was  born  in  Medford,  Mass. ;  prepared 
for  college  at  the  High  School  in  his  native  town  and  was 
graduated  at  Tufts  College  with  a  high  standing.  Both 
these  courses  were  accompanied  by  strenuous  work  to  secure 
income.  Immediately  on  graduation  he  began  teaching,  and 
taught  for  several  years  in  college  preparatory  schools,  both 
public  and  private. 

Several  years  were  then  spent  as  Commissioner  of  Educa- 
tion for  the  State  of  New  Hampshire.  The  subject  of 
his  thesis  for  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  from  Tufts  College  was, 
"The  Public  School  System  of  New  Hampshire." 

His  labors  in  New  Hampshire  in  improving  standards  of 
teaching  and  in  securing  educational  facilities  for  the  rural  as 
for  the  city  schools  were  marked  by  the  successful  appreciation 
which  his  ability  and  devotions  assured. 

Mr.  Cowing  was  the  first  principal  to  occupy  the  new 
Normal  School  building  on  Capitol  Hill,  where  he  entered 
heartily  into  already  formulated  plans  for  advancing  and 
strengthening  the  work  of  the  school  in  its  courses  of  study, 
and  for  the  practical  training  of  its  students  in  training  schools 
inaugurated  by  Principal  Wilson. 

His  administration  was  marked  by  able  work,  cheerfulness, 
and  by  appreciation  of  the  abilities  and  efforts  of  his  associate 
teachers.  His  able  counsels  to  his  pupils  and  graduates  have 
sent  into  this  State  teachers  trained  to  a  strict  sense  of  duty. 

Mr.  Gowing's  administration  with  our  school,  after  three 
years  was  closed,  that  he  might  accept  an  offer  with  the 
D.  C.  Heath  Co.,  with  which  company  he  has  since  been 
associated. 


FRED  COWING. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  215 

CHARLES  S.  CHAPIN. 

Charles  S.  Chapin  is  a  son  of  a  prominent  New  England 
clergyman,  the  Rev.  Daniel  E.  Chapin,  and  was  born  in 
Westfield,  Mass.  He  graduated  at  the  Wesleyan  University, 
Middletown,  Conn.,  in  the  first  honor  rank,  having  received 
nine  prizes  during  his  course,  on  competition,  in  scholarship, 
and  public  speaking.  He  was  granted  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Science  by  Brown  University  in  1908. 

Soon  after  graduation  from  college  he  studied  law  and  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Bar.  He  practiced  law 
in  the  office  of  Congressman  John  Thayer  for  two  years. 
On  account  of  eye  trouble  he  discontinued  the  practice  of  law 
and  accepted  a  position  as  assistant  superintendent  of  schools 
in  Middletown,  Conn.  At  the  same  time  he  became  assistant 
in  the  English  department  of  Wesleyan  University.  He 
taught  successfully  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  Classical  High 
School  and  the  Hartford,  Conn.  High  School ;  he  was  principal 
of  the  Fitcriburg,  Ma'ss.  High  School,  from  1891-1896. 
Under  his  administration  the  school  grew  from  285  to  730 
pupils.  In  1896  he  was  made  principal  of  the  Westfield, 
Mass.  State  Normal  School,  at  a  great  crisis  in  its  history,  the 
principal  and  five  assistant  teachers  having  resigned  and  the 
membership  having  fallen  to  sixty-three  pupils.  During  his 
principalship  of  five  years  the  membership  grew  to  be  150,  a 
training  school  building  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $50,000  and  an 
appropriation  of  $95,000  was  secured  from  the  Legislature  for 
the  erection  of  a  new  dormitory  to  replace  the  old  one.  In 
1901  he  became  principal  of  the  Rhode  Island  Normal  School, 
which  was  also  undergoing  a  good  deal  of  public  criticism. 

"When  Dr.  Chapin  became  principal  of  the  Rhode  Island 
State  Normal  School  in  1901,  the  number  of  students  was 
230.  When  he  left  it  in  1908,  it  had  grown  to  325.  He  may 


2i6  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

justly  be  called  the  father  of  the  present  system  of  practice 
teaching.  In  1901  the  school  had  only  five  small  rooms  outside 
the  Normal  School  building  in  which  its  students  might  prac- 
tice. Dr.  Chapin  secured  from  the  City  of  Providence 
eighteen  rooms  and  extended  the  system  into  Central  Falls, 
Cranston,  Bristol,  Harrington  and  Warwick,  so  that,  at  the 
close  of  his  principalship  there  were  thirty-six  rooms  in  these 
cities  and  towns  devoted  exclusively  to  the  use  of  the  Rhode 
Island  Normal  School  for  practice." 

In  December,  1907,  he  was  elected  principal  of  the  new 
State  Normal  School  to  be  erected  at  Mbntclair.  This 
school  is  located  on  a  plot  of  twenty-five  acres,  on  a  site 
commanding  a  view  of  northern  New  Jersey  and  of  parts  of 
lower  New  York  City.  The  school  has  been  a  success  from 
the  first.  Beginning  with  a  membership  of  187  on  September 
15,  1908,  it  enrolled  in  the  school  year,  1910,  443  students. 
It  has  reached  the  limit  of  its  capacity,  and  enlargement  of  the 
building  is  now  under  serious  consideration.  It  is  probable 
that  a  dormitory  will  be  built  in  the  near  future,  and  that  the 
school  is  destined  to  become  one  of  the  leading  Normal 
Schools  of  the  country. 

Charles  S.  Chapin  has  declined  the  superintendency  of 
six  important  cities,  a  college  presidency,  and  the  principalship 
of  several  State  Normal  Schools.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
National  Educational  Association,  the  New  York  School- 
masters Club,  and  several  other  educational  organizations. 

JOHN  LINCOLN  ALGER,  A.  M. 

John  Lincoln  Alger  is  the  son  of  Rev.  N.  W.  Alger,  for- 
merly a  well  known  clergyman  of  Vermont,  and  a  descendant 
of  the  Alger  family  that  settled  in  Bridgewater,  Massachu- 
setts, in  the  early  colonial  period.  He  prepared  for  college  at 


CHARLES  S.   CHAPIN, 

PRINCIPAL    R.    I.    NORMAL    SCHOOL 

I^OI-OS 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  217 

Vermont  Academy,  and  graduated  from  Brown  University 
in  1890.  Reference  to  the  college  records  shows  that  he  took 
high  rank  in  scholarship,  that  he  was  awarded  the  prize  for 
excellence  in  mathematics  and  physics  throughout  the  course, 
and  that  he  was  elected  to  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  at  the  end  of 
his  junior  year.  In  April  of  his  senior  year  he  was  excused 
from  further  attendance  at  college  in  order  that  he  might 
accept  a  position  as  substitute  teacher  in  the  high  school  at 
Rutland,  Vermont. 

After  graduating  from  college  Mr.  Alger  taught  for  two 
years  in  the  English  High  School  of  Providence,  and  was  for 
three  years  following,  instructor  in  mathematics  at  Brown 
University.  In  1895  he  became  Superintendent  of  Schools 
at  Bennington,  Vermont,  and  soon  after  was  appointed  to  the 
added  position  of  examiner  of  teachers  for  the  seventeen 
towns  of  Bennington  County.  After  five  years  in  this  capacity 
he  was  called  to  the  principalship  of  the  State  Normal  School 
at  Johnson,  Vermont.  In  this  position  he  served  for  four 
years,  and  upon  withdrawing  to  take  the  principalship  of  his 
old  preparatory  school,  Vermont  Academy,  he  was  appointed 
by  the  Governor  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Normal 
School  Commissioners,  where  he  had  an  important  part  in 
the  directive  control  of  the  normal  schools  of  Vermont. 

In  1908  Mr.  Alger  was  chosen  to  succeed  Dr.  Chapin  as 
principal  of  the  Rhode  Island  Normal  School. 

FREDERICK  W.  TILTOX. 

Born  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1839;  educated  in  Cambridge 
schools,  and  graduated  from  Harvard,  1862;  studied  at  Got- 
tingen  University,  Germany,  1862-63 ;  taught  in  Worcester, 
Mass.,  1863-66;  superintendent  of  schools,  Newport,  R.  L, 
1867-71 ;  succeeded  Dr.  Samuel  H.  Taylor  as  principal  of 


2i8  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  1871-72;  was  member  of 
Board  of  Education  and  trustee  of  the  Normal  School  at  its 
founding;  headmaster  Rogers  High  School,  Newport,  R.  1., 
1873-90;  lived  in  Europe  four  years,  1890-94,  when  two  sons 
graduated  from  German  universities;  is  vice-president  Cam- 
bridge Savings  Bank,  director  of  Harvard  Trust  Company, 
and  trustee  of  estates. 

Address,  F.  W.  Tilton,  Harvard  Trust  Company,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass. 

Miss  CHARLOTTE  E.  DEMING. 

Miss  Charlotte  E.  Deming  was  called  to  the  Rhode  Island 
State  Normal  School  in  1879.  She  had  been  graduated  from 
the  Westfield,  Mass.,  Normal  School  under  the  principalship 
of  John  W.  Dickinson,  who  was  recognized  as  the  leading 
Pestalozzian  of  this  country.  Her  further  preparation  con- 
sisted of  teaching  for  several  years  in  the  schools  for  observa- 
tion connected  with  the  school  of  which  she  is  a  graduate  and 
of  two  years'  teaching  in  the  Wollaston  School  in  Quincy 
under  Colonel  Parker's  superintendence.  During  Miss 
Deming's  connection  with  our  school,  she  attended  courses  of 
lectures  at  Harvard  and  Oxford  Universities  and  enjoyed  a 
summer's  work  under  Alexander  Winchell  of  Michigan 
University,  besides  home  and  foreign  travel  at  different 
periods. 

For  the  first  fourteen  years  her  work  at  our  school  covered 
a  wide  range  of  subjects  from  primary  methods  to  geometry, 
but  after  the  department  work  was  adopted  under  Principal 
Wilson,  Miss  Deming  taught  geography,  physiography,  and 
geology,  making  a  good  working  collection  of  illustrative 
material  and  securing  a  valuable  department  library. 

She  severed  her  teaching  ties  with  the  Normal  School  in 


MISS  CHARLOTTE  E.  DEMING. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  219 

1908.  Every  pupil  of  the  school  who  sat  under  her  instruction 
felt  the  grand  impetus  of  it  and  went  out  to  the  world,  having 
been  touched  by  an  influence  for  good  which  cannot  be  meas- 
ured in  words,  for  her  "Works  do  follow  her." 

CLARA  E.  CRAIG. 

Miss  Clara  E.  Craig,  Supervisor  of  the  Training  Department 
of  the  State  Normal  School  has  been  identified  with  the  life  of 
the  Institution,  practically  throughout  her  career  as  a  teacher. 
A  native  of  Rhode  Island  and  a  product  of  its  schools,  she  was 
called  to  the  position  of  critic  teacher  when  the  present  admir- 
able and  effective  system  of  training  was  inaugurated. 

Miss  Craig's  early  days  as  a  member  of  the  faculty  brought 
her  in  close  association  with  those  former  principals  and  teach- 
ers whose  story  of  service  is  indelibly  written  upon  the  record 
of  the  school.  She  is  the  only  member  of  the  present  faculty 
who  is  able  to  recall  experiencees  in  the  Benefit  Street  School. 

The  younger  teachers  of  Rhode  Island  have  all,  at  one  time 
or  another  lived  under  the  urgency  of  Miss  Craig's  ideals. 
Moreover,  her  "girls"  in  training  have  remained  her  friends 
in  life.  She  is  active  in  the  extension  work  of  the  Normal 
School  and  responds  to  many  demands  for  institute  work  not 
only  in  Rhode  Island  but  also  in  the  other  New  England 
States.  She  teaches  a  sane  and  sympathetic  pedagogy. 

Miss  Craig  organized  the  Rhode  Island  Association  of 
Women  Teachers  and  is  now  its  vice-president. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 
Memories  of  the  Founding. 


BY  RE\7.  GEORGE  L.  LOCKE. 

I  fear  I  have  but  little  to  say  that  is  to  the  purpose  of  this 
occasion.  In  the  first  place  I  am  not,  in  the  conventional 
sense  of  the  term,  an  Educator,  but  a  plain  country  parson. 
With  a  very  few  exceptions,  so  far  as  I  know,  the  members 
of  this  audience  are,  moreover,  strangers  to  me,  as  am  I  also 
a  stranger  to  them.  And  this  noble  structure  in  which  we  are 
assembled,  while  it  has  been  from  the  time  of  its  erection 
familiar  to  my  eye  as  one  of  the  most  imposing  and  beautiful 
architectural  features  of  the  capitol  city  of  Rhode  Island,  yet 
I  have  to  own  that  never  until  this  morning  have  I  crossed 
its  threshold.  Why  then,  it  may  reasonably  enough  be  asked, 
am  I,  a  stranger,  as  it  were,  in  a  strange  land,  here  to  occupy 
valuable  time?  The  answer  to  that  question  will  bring  me  at 
once  to  the  core  of  the  little  that  I  have  to  say  on  this  oc- 
casion. 

Stranger  as  I  am  to-day  in  this  splendid  building  and  to 
the  important  activities  which  it  enshrines  and  to  those  who 
direct  them,  to  those  also  who  are  to-day  and  in  past  years 
have  been  trained  therein  to  a  noble  work  on  behalf  of  the 
State,  nevertheless  I  modestly  claim  the  right  to  count  myself 
one  of  those  who  in  days  long  past,  occupied  themselves  in 
organizing  and  promoting  the  educational  movement  which 
was  destined  to  issue  and  culminate  in  the  R.  I.  Normal 
School  as  it  is  known  and  honored  to-day. 


REV.  GEORGE  L.  LOCKE.  D.  D. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  221 

Forty- four  years  ago,  from  my  native  city  of  Boston  I  had 
come  as  a  young  man  to  take  charge  of  the  Church  in  Bristol, 
over  which  I  have  still  the  oversight.  In  Bristol  I  found 
current  the  tradition  of  a  State  Normal  School  which  some 
years  before  had  come  to  a  peaceful  end  in  that  quiet  town. 
At  the  time  of  my  coming  the  very  modest  and  limited 
premises  of  the  defunct  institution  was  occupied  by  the  local 
High  School.  Few  in  the  audience,  I  dare  say,  have  enjoyed 
for  so  long  a  time  as  I  have  done  the  privilege  of  the  acquaint- 
ance of  that  conspicuous  representative  of  the  educational 
interests  of  Rhode  Island  and  of  New  England,  whom  to-day 
you  delight  to  honor  here.  I  count  it  my  additional  privilege 
that  my  acquaintance  with  Mr.  Bicknell  began  in  those  early 
days  when,  as  a  young  man,  he  was  still  in  the  rank  and  file  of 
your  profession,  a  practical  teacher,  the  Master  of  the  Bris- 
tol High  School.  As  a  member  myself  of  the  local  school 
board,  and  more  particularly  interested  in  the  school  under 
his  charge,  I  should  have  had  larger  opportunity  of  cultivat- 
ing his  acquaintance  had  he  not  retired  from  his  position 
shortly  after  my  arrival  in  the  town. 

I  have  but  an  old  man's  memory  and  it  is  not  tenacious 
of  the  details  of  my  activities  in  that  remote  part  of  forty 
years  ago.  But  it  must  have  been  not  much  later  than  the 
time  just  referred  to  that  I  recall  myself  to  memory  as  a 
member  of  the  then  recently  established  State  Board  of  Edu- 
cation and  in  that  capacity  again  brought  into  association 
with  Mr.  Bicknell,  by  that  time  become  Commissioner  of 
Public  Schools,  e.v-officio  Secretary  of  the  Board,  and  much 
concerned  to  bring  to  practical  issue  the  long-growing  interest 
in  the  State  in  the  establishment  of  a  new  Normal  School,  to 


222  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

be  located  in  Providence  and  organized  on  broader  lines  than 
the  old  one  had  been. 

Acting  on  the  authority  committed  to  it  by  the  General 
Assembly  to  move  in  this  direction,  the  Board  appointed  a 
Committee  of  three,  including  the  Commissioner,  to  investi- 
gate the  work  of  prominent  Normal  Schools  and  to  secure 
the  most  competent  available  man  to  take  charge  of  the  pro- 
posed institution.  As  one  of  this  Committee  I  recall  the  long 
tour  of  inquiry  which  we  made.  I  recall  a  visit  to  a  famous 
school  of  that  day  in  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  in  which  certain  new 
methods  of  child  training  were  being  tried  with  much  reported 
success.  I  recall  another  visit  to  a  celebrated  institution  in 
Terre  Haute,  Indiana,  from  which  we  sought  unsuccessfully 
to  steal  away  the  head,  a  gentleman  who  subsequently  occu- 
pied a  more  conspicuous  position  in  the  world  of  Education, 
for  which  position  indeed  I  think  he  was  already  engaged 
at  the  time  of  our  visit.  With  the  Principal  of  one  of  the 
Normal  Schools  of  New  York,  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
State,  which  we  did  not  visit,  we  had  however  some  unsuc- 
cessful correspondence  in  an  attempt  to  secure  his  services. 
Another  interesting  visit  was  to  the  State  School  at  Albany, 
famous  at  that  time  under  the  charge  of  the  late  Prof.  Alden, 
whose  classes,  I  remember,  were  receiving  evidently  efficient 
scholastic  training,  much  on  the  plan  of  an  ordinary  college 
curriculum,  Dr.  Alden  being  quite  frank  in  his  statement  to 
us  to  the  effect  that  technical  education  in  Pedagogy  as  a 
preparation  for  teaching  was  in  his  judgment  quite  subordinate 
to  higher  intellectual  training. 

We  had  traveled  far,  had  made  various  interesting  obser- 
vations, had  learned  something  about  Normal  Schools,  but 
when  we  re-entered  Massachusetts  on  our  homeward  journey 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  223 

the  main  object  of  our  tour  was  still  unachieved.  How  com- 
pletely, however,  that  purpose  was  presently  accomplished  as 
the  final  outcome  of  our  brief  visit  to  Westfield  it  would  be 
superfluous  for  me  to  undertake  to  set  forth  to  those  who 
have  any  knowledge  of  this  Rhode  Island  institution  from  its 
beginnings  under  Prof.  Greenough  and  during  the  years  of  its 
growth  under  his  wise  and  efficient  administration.  There  will 
be  many  in  this  audience,  his  pupils  during  those  years  or  his 
associates  on  the  teaching  staff,  to  whom  his  memorable  pres- 
ence on  this  platform  this  morning,  and  his  few  vigorous  words 
of  response  to  your  greeting,  will  have  set  in  motion  currents 
of  joyful  recollection  and  thrills  of  pleasure. 

Of  the  history  of  this  School  during  its  earliest  and  experi- 
mental days  in  the  disused  meeting-house  which  we  had 
secured  for  its  first  abiding  place  my  recollections  are  indis- 
tinct, for  the  reason,  I  fear,  that  I  made  it  too  little  the  object 
of  my  attention.  Much  more  definitely  I  recall  my  experiences 
as  a  more  frequent  visitor  of  the  School  in  the  commodious 
brick  building  on  Benefit  street,  which  the  assured  success  of 
our  educational  enterprise  had  induced  the  authorities  of  the 
State  to  place  at  our  disposal.  I  cherish  the  recollection  of 
those  experiences  of  mine,  especially  of  the  association  into 
which  I  was  brought  with  the  honored  Principal,  both  in  the 
school  and  in  his  home,  and  with  his  associate  teachers,  whom 
by  this  time  I  had  come  to  know  more  familiarly  and  to  hold 
in  high  regard. 

I  had  occasion  not  long  ago  to  apply  to  the  Attorney  Gen- 
eral of  Rhode  Island  on  behalf  of  one  who  had  foolishly  got 
himself  within  the  clutches  of  the  law.  I  knew  this  import- 
ant officer  of  the  State  only  by  name — or  so  I  supposed — 
and  his  name  had  not  happened  to  suggest  to  me  anything  in 
particular.  To  my  surprise,  this  formidable  official  greeted 


224  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

me  as  an  old  friend,  and  I  found,  to  my  delight,  that  it  was 
he  whom  long  ago  I  had  known  as  a  young  lad  in  the  Provi- 
dence home  of  his  father,  Prof.  Greenough. 

But  I  fear  I  am  illustrating  another  of  the  weaknesses  of  ad- 
vanced years.  I  am  growing  garrulous.  As  I  cannot  now 
easily  get  off  the  personal  note,  which  I  fear  I  have  been 
sounding  too  loudly,  I  will  hasten  to  relieve  the  patience  of 
my  hearers. 

At  a  somewhat  later  date  than  that  of  the  beginnings  of  the 
new  Normal  School,  the  General  Assembly  committed  to  the 
Board  of  Education  an  additional  responsibility,  that  of  find- 
ing suitable  premises,  adapting  them  to  their  changed  uses, 
organizing  and  administering  a  new  institution,  the  "State 
Home  and  School,"  Mr.  Stockwell  being  at  that  time  the  Com- 
missioner of  Public  Schools,  Secretary  of  the  Board,  and  its 
chiefly  active  working  member.  In  the  discharge  of  this  large 
responsibility  in  its  various  aspects  I  had  my  humble  part. 

After  this  new  institution  was  finally  organized  and  well 
under  way,  personal  considerations  led  to  the  resignation  of 
my  position  on  the  Board  of  Education  and  somewhat  later 
I  accepted  an  unsought  appointment  to  a  less  onerous  position 
on  one  of  the  other  Boards  of  State  Administration.  The 
former  act  of  course  terminated  my  connection  with  the  Nor- 
mal School,  a  severing  of  relations  so  agreeable  in  the  rec- 
ollection of  them  that  I  have  many  times  been  disposed  to  re- 
gret the  step  as  having  been  perhaps  too  hasty  taken. 

My  resignation  was  in  the  far-back  days  of  the  old  home  on 
Benefit  street.  At  that  time,  so  far  as  I  can  recall,  there  was 
as  yet  no  definite  plan  for  a  new  building,  no  anticipation,  I 
am  sure,  of  so  grand  a  structure  as  this  in  which  we  are  as- 
sembled to-day.  That  after  it  has  stood  so  many  years  as  one 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  225 

of  the  most  familiar  and,  by  virture  of  its  elevated  position,  one 
of  the  two  most  commanding,  architectural  features  of  this 
beautiful  city,  I  should  have  been,  until  an  hour  ago,  a  stranger 
to  its  interior,  is  little  to  my  credit.  And  yet  may  I  venture  to 
hope  that  I  have  succeeded  in  establishing  the  claim  which  I 
made  at  the  outset,  of  having  been  concerned,  however  re- 
motely, measuring  by  the  chain  of  cause  and  effect,  in  its 
erection. 

If  I  have  thus  succeeded  I  shall,  further,  have  justified  those 
who  had  the  arrangement  of  the  program  for  this  occasion, 
— a  justification  perhaps  not  easy  to  accomplish  otherwise — 
in  having  honored  me  with  an  invitation  to  present  to  this 
audience  some  recollections  of  "Forty  Years  Ago." 


WILLIAM  E.  WILSON, 

Teacher  of  Physical  and  Biological  Sciences, 

1884  to  1892;  Principal,  1892  to  1898. 

Mr.  Wilson  is  a  native  of  Western  Pennsylvania.  His 
elementary  education  was  obtained  in  a  rural  home  in  a 
Scotch-Irish  and  German  community  and  in  a  district  school 
of  the  days  before  the  civil  war.  Just  at  the  close  of  the  war 
he  began  to  prepare  for  college  and  for  teaching,  first  at  Edin- 
boro  State  Normal  School  in  Erie  County,  and  later  at  James- 
town Seminary  and  at  Marshall  College  State  Normal  School 
in  West  Virginia.  After,  six  years  of  teaching  and  prepar- 
atory study  he  entered  the  sophomore  class  of  Monmouth  Col- 
lege at  Monmouth,  at  Illinois,  and  was  graduated  in  1873. 

He  immediately  became  teacher  of  the  natural  sciences  in 
the  Nebraska  State  Normal  School  at  Peru,  serving  two  years, 
one  term  as  acting  principal.  The  following  year  he  spent 
in  study  and  travel  in  Europe.  Returning  he  taught  a  year 
in  Morgan  Park  Military  Academy  in  Chicago,  and  then  re- 
turned to  Nebraska  and  became  principal  of  the  public  schools 
successively  at  Tekamah,  North  Platte  and  Brownville.  In 
1 88 1  he  married  Miss  Flora  May  Ramsdell  of  Ceredo,  West 
Virginia,  a  descendent  of  John  and  Priscilla  Alden,  and  be- 
came professor  of  natural  sciences  in  Coe  College  at  Cedar 
Rapids,  Iowa,  and  assisted  in  the  organization  of  that  institu- 
tion. 

In  1884,  General  Thomas  J.  Morgan,  who  had  been  princi- 
pal of  the  Nebraska  State  Normal  School  when  Mr.  Wilson 
was  a  teacher  there,  became  principal  of  the  Rhode  Island 
Normal  School  and  invited  Mr.  Wilson  to  accept  a  position 
in  the  school.  He  accepted  the  invitation  and  served  as 
teacher  of  physical  and  biological  sciences  under  General 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  227 

Morgan  for  five  years  and  under  Principal  George  A.  Little- 
field  three  years.  In  1892  he  succeeded  Mr.  Littlefield  as 
principal. 

He  became  principal  when  the  time  was  ripe  for  rapid  de- 
velopment of  the  school.  The  demand  had  become  strong 
the  country  over  for  normal  trained  teachers  and  more  sub- 
stantial courses  were  becoming  established  in  normal  schools. 
The  city  of  Providence  had  already  begun  to  require  grad- 
uates of  High  schools  to  attend  the  State  Normal  School  one 
half  a  year  before  admitting  them  to  the  city  training  schools. 
This  required  attendance  was  now  increased  to  a  year.  The 
regular  course  leading  to  a  diploma  was  extended  to  two 
years  for  graduates  of  high  schools.  New  courses  were  es- 
tablished and  additional  teachers  employed.  Thus  strong 
departments  of  biological  science  and  of  psychology  and 
child  study  were  established  and  other  departments  reorgan- 
ized to  better  advantage. 

The  two  measures  of  fundamental  importance  undertaken 
at  this  time  were  the  establishment  of  the  training  department 
and  the  securing  of  a  suitable  modern  building  for  the  school. 
The  necessity  of  both  of  these  improvements  to  the  efficiency 
and  the  development  of  the  institution  had  been  ably  urged 
from  time  to  time  for  years  without  immediate  result.  The 
time  for  action  having  now  arrived  they  were  undertaken  by 
the  trustees  and  pushed  forward  to  their  accomplishment. 

The  establishment  of  an  efficient  training  school  under  the 
circumstances  surrounding  the  Rhode  Island  Normal  School 
at  this  time  was  a  very  difficult  task  but  in  its  successful 
accomplishment  the  way  was  opened  for  the  larger  result 
already  realized  in  the  system  of  normal  training  schools  in 
operation  in  connection  with  the  Rhode  Island  Normal  School. 
This  system  has  been  widely  recognized  as  being  based  upon 


228  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

sound  principles  and  as  possessing  features  of  special  value 
which  have  been  adopted  with  certain  adaptations  in  other 
states. 

The  essential  features  of  the  plan  were  based  upon  these 
views : 

1.  Systematic  study  by  observation  of  regular  public  schools 
in  the  hands  of  expert  teachers  should  precede  practice  teach- 
ing. 

2.  Schools  for  observation  should  not  be  used  for  practice 
by  student  teachers  but  under  the  sole  continuous  charge  of 
teachers  selected  as  specially  competent  to  do  this  work. 

3.  Practice  teaching  should  be  provided  for  in  regular  pub- 
lic graded  schools  under  special  supervision.       It  should  be 
real  teaching  not  for  practice  but  to  educate  children. 

4.  This  practice  teaching  should  be  in    progressive    steps, 
the  first  of  which  should  be  the  teaching  of  a  class  without 
the  care  of  other  children  and  the  last  should  be  in  charge  of 
a  room  continuously  for  a  reasonable  period  of  time  both  un- 
der expert  and  not  too  continuous  supervision. 

The  original  training  school  of  the  Rhode  Island  Normal 
School  was  established  at  the  corner  of  Benefit  and  Halsey 
streets  in  1893.  The  plan  upon  which  it  was  organized  was 
proposed  by  Dr.  Horace  S.  Tarbell,  then  Superintendent  of 
schools  of  Providence.  It  was  studied  over  and  worked  out 
by  Commissioner  Stockwell  and  Principal  Wilson  in  confer- 
ence with  Mr.  Tarbell,  adopted  by  the  Board  of  Trustees, 
approved  by  the  school  committee  of  Providence,  and  became 
effective  in  the  autumn  of  1893. 

Mrs.  Sara  F.  Bliss  was  secured  from  the  faculty  of  the 
Albany  Normal  College  for  principal ;  Miss  Clara  E.  Craig  of 
Providence  and  Miss  Edith  Goodyear  of  New  Haven,  Conn., 
were  chosen  for  training  supervisors,  and  Miss  Phebe  Wilbur 


WALTER  E.  RANGER. 

COMMISSIONER    OF    PUBLIC    SCHOOLS 
1906. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  229 

and  Miss  Alice  W.  Case  of  Providence  and  Miss  Mary  Bos- 
worth  of  Somerville,  Massachusetts,  were  chosen  to  be  obser- 
vation teachers.  Later  Miss  Mary  Eastburn  of  the  Trenton, 
New  Jersey,  State  Normal  School  and  Miss  Alice  E.  Rey- 
nolds of  Norwich,  Conn.,  came  to  the  corps  as  training  teach- 
ers, and  Miss  Ada  B.  Bragg,  Miss  Grace  E.  Mowry  and  Miss 
Marion  A.  Puffer  as  observation  teachers. 

These  capable  and  earnest  teachers  found  difficulties  and 
troubles  to  overcome  during  the  first  year  or  two  of  the 
school's  existence  but  to  their  lasting  praise  the  training  school 
was  successful  in  their  hands  and  became  indispensable  to 
the  normal  school. 

The  following  teachers  were  associated  with  Principal  Wil- 
son during  the  years  1892  to  1898:  Sarah  Marble  and  Char- 
lotte E.  Deming,  whom  every  graduate  and  every  friend  of 
the  normal  school  must  honor;  Emma  E.  Brown,  Inez  L. 
Whipple  and  Mabel  C.  Bragg,  graduates  of  the  school  and 
exceptional  teachers,  each  in  a  different  field,  loyal  and  true; 
B.  W.  Hood,  Alexander  Bevan,  Emory  P.  Russell  and  Alex- 
ander Seaverns,  worthy  men  and  able  teachers ;  Clara  F.  Rob- 
inson, Bertha  Bass,  Fannie  E.  Woods,  gifted,  faithful  and 
admired;  Hattie  Hunt,  Mary  Dickerson,  strong  and  skillful, 
they  set  high  standards. 

In  1898  Mr.  Wilson  became  principal  of  the  Washington 
State  Normal  School  at  Ellensburg  and  found  in  that  vast  new- 
region  a  wide  and  congenial  field  for  which  his  experiences 
in  Rhode  Island  were  a  valuable  preparation.  He  is  already 
among  the  older  of  the  educational  leaders  of  that  vigorous 
commonwealth. 


REARWORD. 

It  is  done.  On  Sept.  16,  1911,  I  was  invited  by  the 
Executive  Committee  on  the  Fortieth  Anniversary  of  the 
Rhode  Island  Normal  School  (new)  to  write  and  edit  a  volume 
on  its  history.  I  accepted  the  work  and  to-day,  (Oct.  21), 
I  am  writing  the  last  word,  and  hope,  by  the  virtue  of  excellent 
book  printers  and  binders,  to  have  the  finished  product,  in  the 
form  of  a  beautiful  and  valuable  historic  work,  in  the  hands  of 
its  readers,  on  or  before  Nov.  I.  I  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that 
the  book  will  be  a  revelation  to  the  present  generation  of 
educators  of  Rhode  Island  and  of  the  country.  "Lest  we 
forget"  is  the  imperative  of  every  hour  and  duty.  The 
teacher  has  few  honors  that  surpass  grateful  remembrance. 

Whatever  appears  in  this  volume  of  personal  compliment 
has  been  written  without  my  knowledge  or  suggestion,  and 
solicited  in  all  cases  by  others  for  independent  purposes.  I 
should  be  most  ungrateful  not  to  acknowledge  with  supreme 
gratitude,  the  high  consideration  paid  my  work  in  the  founding 
of  the  new  Normal  School  of  1871.  I  entered  the  Commis- 
sioner's office,  Jan.  I,  1869,  when  Rhode  Island  had  no  Normal 
School,  had  tried  one  for  eleven  years,  and  did  not  want 
another.  When  I  resigned  the  office  in  1875,  to  occupy  a  posi- 
tion of  greater  responsibility  in  Boston,  I  left  a  State  Normal 
School  so  well  established  that  "The  Gates  of  Hell  Could  not 
prevail  against  it."  To-day,  that  Normal  School  is  in  a  position 
to  become  the  first  Normal  College  in  New  England.  Within 
this  volume  may  be  found  the  names  of  most  who  have  been 
prominent  in  its  history.  All  officers,  teachers,  students,  in 
their  lot  and  place,  have  done  a  noble  service  for  the  State  and 
for  humanity.  No  true  workman  envies  that  of  his  associate 
builder.  Each  will  glory  in  the  finished  product,  when  the 
Cap-stone  shall  be  set  with  universal  rejoicings. 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  231 

I  am  gratefully  indebted  fqr  the  cordial  aid 'of  many  good 
people  in  the  issuance  of  this  book.  Mr.  Arthur  W.  Brown, 
Mrs.  John  F.  Lonsdale  (Bucklin),  Mrs.  Dr.  William  F. 
Kenney  (Murray),  Miss  Gertrude  Arnold,  Miss  Cornelia 
M.  Goff,  Mr.  E.  A.  Noyes  and  Miss  Etta  V.  Leighton  and 
Mrs.  Elisha  Greene  (Salisbury),  of  the  Executive  Committee 
of  the  Fortieth  Anniversary  were  its  first  friends  and  patrons. 
Miss  Ellen  M.  Haskell  wrote  the  interesting  story  of  the 
Private  Normal  School,  1852-54.  Mrs.  Charles  H.  Remington 
(Tillinghast),  wrote  the  appreciative  words  as  to  Miss  Craig, 
and  with  Mr.  E.  A.  Noyes  prepared  the  article  on  the  Alumni 
Association.  She  also  prepared  the  article  on  the  Training 
School.  Mrs.  Roby  Cole  Welch,  wrote  of  the  valuable  services 
of  Miss  Deming,  Mrs.  J.  Herbert  Shedd  (Marble),  and  of 
Principal  Gowing. 

Thanks  to  Miss  Coggeshall's  thorough  search  and  persistent 
labor,  we  now  have  a  complete  catalog  of  all  persons  who 
as  students  have  been  connected  with  the  Rhode  Island  Normal 
School  from  1854  to  and  including  1911. 

To  Miss  Ellen  M.  Haskell,  Miss  Rebecca  Sheldon,  and 
Miss  Ruth  A.  Haskell,  are  we  obliged  for  a  partial  list  of  the 
members  of  the  private  Normal  School. 

The  Loose  Leaf  Publishing  Company  of  Providence  is 
entitled  to  great  praise  for  courteous  conduct,  prompt  work, 
fine  typography  and  binding,  and  generous  business  treatment. 

Men  die.  Institutions  live.  I  have  the  glad  assurance  that 
the  spiritual  edifice  of  character  and  conduct  for  which  the 
Rhode  Island  Normal  School  stands,  shall  hold  in  sacred  and 
immortal  honor  the  names  of  all  who  have  worthily  wrought, 
to  the  full  measure  of  their  service. 

THOMAS  W.  BICKNELL. 
October  21,  1911, 
Providence,  R.  I. 


INDEX. 


Academic  Work 16 

Address,  Thomas  W.  Bicknell 50  to  53,    75  to    91 

Daniel  Leach 48  to    50 

Seth  Padelford 46,  47 

James  C.  Greenough 100  to  111 

Mrs.  Richard  J.  Barker 91  to    97 

G.  E.  Whittemore 73  to     75 

G.  L.  Locke 221  to  225 

William  W.  Andrew 97  to     99 

Alger,  John  L.,  Welcome 72,  97,  117,  216,  217 

Alumni  Association 194-198 

Andrew,  William  W.,  Address 97  to    99 

Arnold,  Gertrude  E 67,  68,  71 

Associates  of  Greenough,  Tributes  to 110 

Bancroft,  Susan  C 37,  38,  79,  117,  206 

Baker,  Jennie  F 71 

Barker,  Mrs.  Richard  Jackson,  Address 91  to    97 

Barnard,  Henry 10,  11 

Barstow,  Amos  C 50 

Bicknell,  Thomas  W 17,  18,  21,  24,  25,  26,  27,  28,  29,  36, 

50  to  53,  57  to  61,  68,  75  to  91,  94,  96,  100 

Board  of  Education 18,  19,  115 

Bristol,  Normal  School  at 15,  16,  189  to  193 

Brown,  Arthur  W 67,  68,  70,  91,  194,  227 

Brown,  Mrs.  Geo.  T 67 

Carter,  James  G 9,  10 

Campaign  for  a  Normal  School 19 

Chapin,  Charles  S 117,  215,  216 

Coggeshall,  Miss  Luly  M 227 

Colburn,  Dana  P 12,  13,  15,  121,  190,  192 

College,  Normal 75  to    91 

Commission  on  New  Normal  Building 64 

Committee  on  Fortieth  Anniversary 68,  227 

Concord,  Vt,  First  Normal  School 8 

Course  of  Study  at  Normal  School 39,  40,  199-204 

Craig,  Clara  E 120,  219 

Cross,  Samuel  H 19,  28,  115 

Cultural  Studies.  .  84 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  233 

Danielson,  George  W .*....        105,  108 

Dean,  Hon.  Sidney 29,  30 

Declaration  of  Educational  Principles 90 

Dedication  Normal  Buildings. 45,  63,  65,  66 

Degrees  in  Normal  College 86 

Deming,  Charlotte  E 117,  218 

Doyle,  Thomas  A 48,  107 

Eaton,  Gen.  John 27 

Educational  Declaration 90 

Faculty  of  Normal  College 89 

Faculty  of  Normal  School,  1854  to  1865 116 

Faculty  of  Normal  School,  1871  to  1911 117-120 

Fight  on  Normal  School 104 

Finding  a  Principal 36,  37 

First  American  Writers  on  Normal  Schools 7 

First  Class  in  R.  I.  Normal  School 124,  125 

First  Normal  School  in  United  States 8 

First  Prospectus  of  R.  I.  Normal  School,  1871 38-44 

First  State  Normal  School  in  United  States 14 

Founding  of  First  Rhode  Island  Normal  School 12,  13,  17-32 

Founding  of  Normal    School,    Memories    of 220-225 

Fortieth  Anniversary  Exercises. 67  to  111 

Forty  Years  of  Normal  Work 96 

Freeman,  Edward  L 21,  80 

Freeman,  Lester  A 67,  68 

Gardner,  Ida  M 71,  117 

Goff,  Mrs.  Ira  N 67 

Goodwin,  Daniel 16,  116,  205 

Goodwin,  Hannah  W.  (Drury). 16,  116,  189-193,  205 

Cowing,  Fred 117,  214 

Greene,  George  W 19,  30,  31,  57,  80,  115 

Greene,  Samuel  S 12,  13,  38,  116 

Greenough,  James  C. 37,  38,  53,  54,  63,  79,  100  to  111,  117,  206,  207 

Growth  of  Normal  School 64,  142-188 

Hall,  Rev.  Samuel  R 8,  9,  10 

Haskell,  Ellen  M 12,  13,  14,  121,  227 

Haskell,  Ruth  A 122,  227 

Heritage  of  Four  Decades,  W.  W.  Andrew 97  to    99 

Higginson,  Thomas  Wentworth.  . 59 

Homes  of  the  State  Normal  School 13,  15,  42,  62  to  65,  101 

Horton,  N.  B.  &  Son 65 

Hymn  of  Dedication 55 

Jewett,  Mary  L.  (Taylor) 37,  38,  117,  206 

Journal,  Providence 67,  105 

Kendall,  Joshua. 16,  116,  192,  205 


234  RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL. 

Kendrick,  John  E 65,  115 

Kenney,  Mrs.  W.  F.  68,  71 

Kingsbury,  John! 15 

Kingsley,  J.  L 7 

Lawton,  Mrs.,  Tiverton 95,  96 

Leach,  Rev.  Daniel 38,  48,  49,  50,  115 

Lectures  to  Schoolmasters,  Hall 8 

Leighton,  Etta  V, 68,  71 

Letters  and  Opinions — George  W.  Greene 57 

Charles  H.  Fisher.  .  58 

W.  A.  Mowry 59 

T.  W.  Higginson 59 

Thomas  B.  Stockwell 60 

Littlefield,  George  A 116,  210,  211 

Locke,  George  L.,  Rev 38,  115,  220-225 

Lonsdale,  Mrs.  J.  F. 68,  70,  71,  111,  117 

Luther,  Ellen  R 16,  116,  191 

Mann,  Horace 10,  25 

Marble,  Sarah Ill,  117,  194,  198,  207 

Martin  £  Hall,  Architects 65 

Mass  Meeting  at  Rocky  Point 25 

Memories  of  the  Founding  of  the  Normal  School,  by  Rev. 

George    L.    Locke 220  to  225 

Mileage  Act 33 

Miller,  Harriette  M 38,  71 

Morgan,  Thomas  J.  . 116,  209 

Mowry,  William  A.,  Letter  of 59 

New  Era  in  Rhode  Island  Education 17 

Normal  College 75  to    91 

Normal  Leaders 10 

Normal  School  Act 32 

Normal  School  Campaign 19 

Normal  School  Bill  in  House  of  Representatives 30,  31 

Normal  School  Bill  in  Senate 28,  29 

Normal  School  Buildings 13,  15,  35,  42,  62  to  65,  101 

Normal  School,  First  in  United  States 7 

Normal  School  Work,  1911 199  to  204 

Normal  Students,  1852  to  1911 121  to  188 

Noyes,  E.  A 67,  68,  71,  194,  227 

Observation  Schools 201 

Obstacles  to  Normal  School 20  to  23,  102  to  107 

Olmstead,  Prof.  D. . 7 

Padelford,  Seth 17,  28,  30,  45  to  47,  80,  113 

Peckham,  Nathaniel 30 

Potter,  Elisha  R 11,  12,  14 


RHODE  ISLAND  NORMAL  SCHOOL.  235 


Powell,  Samuel 22,  29 

Principal,  Finding  a 36,  37 

Principles  of  Education 90,  91 

Private  Normal  School .' 12  to  14,  121  to  123 

Proceedings  of  Fortieth  Anniversary. 70  to  111 

Providence  Press 24,  45,  105,  106 

Ranger,  Walter  E. 69,  70,  97,  114 

Rearword 230,  231 

Remington,  Mrs.  C.  H 68,  194,  227 

Rhode  Island  Institute  of  Instruction 24 

Rhode  Island  Schoolmaster 34 

Russell,  William.  . 8,  12,  14 

School  Officers'  Convention 24 

School  Supervision 87 

Shedd,  Mrs.  J.  H.  (nee  Marble) 79,  111,  117,  194,  198,  207 

Sheldon,  Rebecca 122,  227 

Stockwell,  Thomas  B 60,  63,  65,  97,  108,  114,  117,  204,  228 

Students'  Private  Normal  School 121  to  123 

Students'  State  Normal  School,  1854  to  1865 124  to  141 

Students'  State  Normal  School,  1871-1911.  .  .   142  to  188 

Student  Government 201 

Sumner,  Arthur 12,  13,  15,  121,  124 

Supervision  School.  . 87  to     89 

Supplementary  Courses 87 

Saunders,  Annie  F.  (Fielden).  116,  122 

Tarbell,  Horace  S 228 

Teachers'  Institutes 18 

Teachers'  Greatness. 108 

Three  Homes  of  the  Normal  School 62  to    66 

Tickenor,  Elisha 7 

Tilton,  F.  W 19,  36,  115,  217 

Training  School,  Organization  of 227 

Training  School 202  to  204 

Trustees  of  State  Normal  School 112  to  115 

Van  Zandt,  C.  C. 24,  28,  63,  113 

Verry,  Nathan  T 22 

Vocational  Work 85 

Vice-Presidents'  Fortieth  Anniversary 68 

Welch,  Roby  Cole 68,  194,  197,  227 

Whittemore,  Gilbert  E 73  to     75 

Wilson,  William  E 117,  204,  212,  213,  226  to  229 

Winning  the  People 23,  25,  26 

Woman's  Advancement,  Normal  Schools  a  Factor  in 91  to    97 

Women  as  School  Committee 93 

Women  as  Leaders 95 

Woodbury,  Rev.  Augustus 20,  26,  63,  104,  106 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


FACES    PAGE 

Alger,  John  L 199 

Bancroft,  Susan  C.    (Tillinghast) 54 

Barker,  Mrs.  Richard  Jackson 91 

Barnard,  Henry 11 

Bicknell,  Thomas  W 28  and  75 

Brown,  Arthur  W 67 

Chapin,  Charles  S 216 

Colburn,  Dana  P 15 

Craig,  Clara  E 202 

Deming,  Charlotte  E 218 

Goodwin,  Daniel.  .   189 

Goodwin,  Hannah  W.   (Drury) 192 

Gowing,    Fred    214 

Greene,  Samuel  S 38 

Greenough,  James  C.  100 

Kendall,  Joshua 205 

Littlefield,  George  A.  210 

Locke,  George  L 220 

Marble,  Sarah  (Shedd) Ill 

Morgan,  Thomas  J 209 

Noyes,  E.  A 71 

Padelford,  Seth.  .  .  45 

Ranger,  Walter  E 230 

Remington,  Mrs.  C.  H.  •  194 

Stockwell,  Thomas  B 60 

Wilson,  William  E. 212 

First  Normal  School  Building,  Concord,  Vt. ...  7 

Normal  School  Building,  Bristol,  R.  I. 16 

Normal  School  Building,  1871-1878 50 

Normal  School  Building,  Benefit  St 107 

Normal  School  Building,  Capitol  Hill Frontispiece 


